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List of Pharaohs

A Wisdom Archive on List of Pharaohs

List of Pharaohs

A selection of articles related to List of Pharaohs

We recommend this article: List of Pharaohs - 1, and also this: List of Pharaohs - 2.
List of pharaohs

ARTICLES RELATED TO List of Pharaohs

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom

Around 2055 BCE, Mentuhotep II from Thebes ended this period of unrest and united the country again. He installed a new administration and started a royal scale builing programme. There is also good evidence for military campaigns against foreigns countries. Amenemhat I moved the capital to North Egypt (Lower Egypt). His son, Senusret I, co-reigned with him until Amenemhat was assassinated. Senusret I was able to take control immediately without the country degenerating in ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom

The Eighteenth Dynasty marks the beginning of the New Kingdom. Various pharaohs extended the control of Egypt further than ever before, retaking control of Nubia and extending power northwards into the Upper Euphrates, the lands of the Hittites, and Mitanni. History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty. This was a time of great wealth and power for Egypt. By the time of Amenophis III (1417 BC–1379 BC), Egypt had become so wealthy that he did nothing to further extend its powers and instead rested upon h ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period

After the death of Rameses XI, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, in the person of Piankh, assumed control of Upper Egypt, ruling from Thebes, with the northern limit of his control ending at Al-Hibah. (The High Priest Herihor had died before Rameses XI, but also was an all-but-independent ruler in the latter days of the king's reign.) The country was once again split into two parts with the priesthood of Amun controlling Upper and Middle Egypt, and the kings, such as Smendes I, controlling the Delta from Tanis as the Twenty-First Dynasty. ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period

Memphis and the Delta region became the target of many attacks from the Assyrians, until Psammetichus managed to reunite Middle and Lower Egypt under his rule forming the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty and the start of the Late Period. Eventually he extended his control over the whole of Egypt in 656 BC and felt strong enough to sever all ties with Assyria, whereby Assyrian control lapsed. The Saite period, as the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty is also known, was a century of revived splendour for Egypt. During the reign of Apries, an army was sent to help the ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

There are several open problems concerning ancient Egyptian history. Conclusions on the origins of the Hyksos and their first leaders are disputed. It is unclear if the "Nubian Dark Age" really occurred in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. There is question if the First Intermediate Period of Egypt really was a Dark Age. It is unknown why there were Minoan paintings in Avaris. The exact relationship between the Minoan civilization and the Egyptian civilization is debated. The Battle of Kad ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Early postal systems

Communication via written documents which an intermediary carries from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of writing. The development of a formal postal system occurred much later, however. The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC). This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messaging and may have been built on a pre-existing infrastructure ...

See also:

Mail, Mail - Early postal systems, Mail - Persia, Mail - China, Mail - Rome, Mail - Other systems, Mail - Modern mail, Mail - Organization, Mail - Payment, Mail - Rules and etiquette, Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence, Mail - Collecting, Mail - Deregulation, Mail - Types of mail, Mail - Letters, Mail - Postal cards and postcards, Mail - Other, Mail - Famous letters, Mail - List of national postal services

Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Early postal systems

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Moab - History

Moab - Origins. The Moabites were likely pastoral nomads settling in the trans-Jordanian highlands. They may have been among the nomadic raiders referred to as habiru by the Egyptians. Whether they were among the nations referred to in the Ancient Egyptian language as Shutu or Shasu is a matter of some debate among scholars. The existence of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite polity can be seen from the colossal statues erected at Luxor by Pharaoh Rameses II. On the base of the second statue in front of the northern pylon of Rameses' temple, Mu'ab is listed among a series of n ...

See also:

Moab, Moab - Etymology, Moab - Geography, Moab - History, Moab - Origins, Moab - Biblical Narrative through the conquest by Israel, Moab - Reassertion of Independence, Moab - Decline and Fall, Moab - Economy, Moab - Religion, Moab - In Jewish law, Moab - Bibliography, Moab - Resources

Read more here: » Moab: Encyclopedia II - Moab - History

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Bitches Brew - Track listing

Original double album configuration: Side one: "Pharaoh's Dance" (20:06) (Joe Zawinul) Side two: "Bitches Brew" (27:00) (M. Davis) Side three: "Spanish Key" (17:34) (M. Davis) "John McLaughlin" (04:26) (M. Davis) Side four: "Miles Runs The Voodoo Down" (14:04) (M. Davis) "Sanctuary" (11:01) (Wayne Shorter) The compact disc version compiles sides one and two on one disc, sides three and four on a second disc. The current version appends the following track: "Feio" (11:51) (Wayne Shorte ...

See also:

Bitches Brew, Bitches Brew - Overview, Bitches Brew - Recording sessions, Bitches Brew - Post-production, Bitches Brew - A new type of jazz, Bitches Brew - Track listing, Bitches Brew - Personnel

Read more here: » Bitches Brew: Encyclopedia II - Bitches Brew - Track listing

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse

Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in permanent impairment of vision, up to and including blindness. The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear ...

See also:

Solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Viewing partial and annular eclipses, Solar eclipse - Viewing totality during total eclipses, Solar eclipse - Additional information, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions, Solar eclipse - Geometry of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Motion of the Moon and Earth, Solar eclipse - Frequency of Solar Eclipses, Solar eclipse - Path of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Occurrence of Eclipses at a given place, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Cycles, Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses, Solar eclipse - Other Observations, Solar eclipse - Special observation campaigns, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipse before sunrise or after sunset, Solar eclipse - Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit of a planet, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipses by artificial satellites, Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

Read more here: » Solar eclipse: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions

Solar eclipse - Geometry of an Eclipse. The diagram to the right shows the alignment of the Sun, Moon and Earth at a solar eclipse. The dark gray region to the right of the moon is the umbra, where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small area where the umbra touches the Earth's surface is where a total eclipse will be seen. The larger light gray area is the penumbra, in which a partial eclipse will be seen.

See also:

Solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Viewing partial and annular eclipses, Solar eclipse - Viewing totality during total eclipses, Solar eclipse - Additional information, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions, Solar eclipse - Geometry of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Motion of the Moon and Earth, Solar eclipse - Frequency of Solar Eclipses, Solar eclipse - Path of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Occurrence of Eclipses at a given place, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Cycles, Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses, Solar eclipse - Other Observations, Solar eclipse - Special observation campaigns, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipse before sunrise or after sunset, Solar eclipse - Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit of a planet, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipses by artificial satellites, Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

Read more here: » Solar eclipse: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses

In the Odyssey, XIV, 151, Homer states that Odysseus will return to his home, and take vengeance on the suitors of Penelope, at the failing of the old moon and the coming of the new. Later in the Odyssey (XX, 356-357 and 390), Homer adds that the Sun vanished out of heaven and an evil gloom covered all things about the hour of the midday meal, during the celebration of the new moon. A total eclipse of the Sun was visible from the Greek island of Ithaca on April 16, 1178 BC. This would be six years after the end of the Trojan War, as traditionally dated (1184 BC), though ...

See also:

Solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Viewing partial and annular eclipses, Solar eclipse - Viewing totality during total eclipses, Solar eclipse - Additional information, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions, Solar eclipse - Geometry of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Motion of the Moon and Earth, Solar eclipse - Frequency of Solar Eclipses, Solar eclipse - Path of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Occurrence of Eclipses at a given place, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Cycles, Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses, Solar eclipse - Other Observations, Solar eclipse - Special observation campaigns, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipse before sunrise or after sunset, Solar eclipse - Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit of a planet, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipses by artificial satellites, Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

Read more here: » Solar eclipse: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Other Observations

During a solar eclipse special observations can be done with the unaided eye. Normally the spots of light which fall through the small openings between the leaves of a tree, have a circular shape. These are images of the sun. During a partial eclipse, the light spots will show the partial shape of the sun, as seen on the picture. Solar eclipse - Special observation campaigns. May 30, 1965: Launch of rockets at Charlestown, USA May 20, 1966: Launch of rockets at Karystos, Greece to watch the ...

See also:

Solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Viewing partial and annular eclipses, Solar eclipse - Viewing totality during total eclipses, Solar eclipse - Additional information, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions, Solar eclipse - Geometry of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Motion of the Moon and Earth, Solar eclipse - Frequency of Solar Eclipses, Solar eclipse - Path of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Occurrence of Eclipses at a given place, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Cycles, Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses, Solar eclipse - Other Observations, Solar eclipse - Special observation campaigns, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipse before sunrise or after sunset, Solar eclipse - Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit of a planet, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipses by artificial satellites, Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

Read more here: » Solar eclipse: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Other Observations

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

Although there is a total eclipse visible somewhere on Earth most years, some are more conveniently observed than others. Eclipses where the path of totality crosses major population centres generate the most interest in the general public. Selected past and upcoming eclipses are: (*) Duration of central eclipse. ...

See also:

Solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Observing a solar eclipse, Solar eclipse - Viewing partial and annular eclipses, Solar eclipse - Viewing totality during total eclipses, Solar eclipse - Additional information, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Predictions, Solar eclipse - Geometry of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Motion of the Moon and Earth, Solar eclipse - Frequency of Solar Eclipses, Solar eclipse - Path of an Eclipse, Solar eclipse - Occurrence of Eclipses at a given place, Solar eclipse - Eclipse Cycles, Solar eclipse - Historical solar eclipses, Solar eclipse - Other Observations, Solar eclipse - Special observation campaigns, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipse before sunrise or after sunset, Solar eclipse - Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit of a planet, Solar eclipse - Solar eclipses by artificial satellites, Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

Read more here: » Solar eclipse: Encyclopedia II - Solar eclipse - Past and future eclipses

List of Pharaohs: Encyclopedia II - Habiru/Sources - Source: Selected Letters from Tell el-Amarna ANET 3rd ed. P486-490

Habiru/Sources - Text. EA, No. 271 [Milkilu, prince of Gezer to the Pharaoh]13 In a list of enemies poised against him, Milkilu writes: "Let the king, my lord, protect his land from the hand of the 'Apiru. if not (then) let the king, my lord, send chariots to fetch us, lest our servants smite us." RA, 19, p.106 [Shuwardata to the Pharaoh]16 "Let the king, my lord, learn that the chief of the 'Apiru has risen (in arms) against the lands which the god of the ki ...

See also:

Habiru/Sources, Habiru/Sources - Source: George Roux Ancient Iraq third edition 1992 ISBN 014012523X, Habiru/Sources - P 239-240, Habiru/Sources - P 466 notes to chapter 14, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: Daniel C. Snell Life in the Ancient Near East Yale 1997. ISBN 0300066155, Habiru/Sources - P. 68, Habiru/Sources - P. 183 Notes to page 68, Habiru/Sources - Source: Wolfram von Soden The Ancient Orient: An Introduction to the study of the Ancient Near East Grand Rapids 1994. ISBN 0802801420, Habiru/Sources - Page 78, Habiru/Sources - Page 78 Footnote 20, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: Robert Drews The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA. 1200 B.C. Princeton 1993. ISBN 0691025916, Habiru/Sources - Page 13, Habiru/Sources - Page 151, Habiru/Sources - Page 220, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: Robert Drews The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East Princeton 1988. ISBN 069103592X, Habiru/Sources - Pages 69-70, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes to pages 69-70, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: The Taking of Joppa ANET P22, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: Treaty Between Mursilis and Duppi-Tessub of Amurru ANET Page 205, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: God List Blessings and Curses of the Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Mattiwaza ANET P206, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnote, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: The Asiatic Campaigning of Amen-Hotep II ANET P. 247, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this Source, Habiru/Sources - Source: Beth-Shan Stelae of Seti I and Ramses II ANET Page 255, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: The Lists of Ramses III ANET Page 261, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: A letter from Mari ANET Page 483, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: EA No. 25410 ANET Page 486, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: EA No. 17113 ANET Page 486, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: Selected Letters from Tell el-Amarna ANET 3rd ed. P486-490, Habiru/Sources - Text, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source, Habiru/Sources - Source: The Statue of Idrimi ANET 3rd ed. P557, Habiru/Sources - Footnotes, Habiru/Sources - Comments on this source

Read more here: » Habiru/Sources: Encyclopedia II - Habiru/Sources - Source: Selected Letters from Tell el-Amarna ANET 3rd ed. P486-490

List of Pharaohs: New Age Spirituality Dictionary on Pharoah

Pharoah

(Egyptian- great house, house of Ra)) One of the kings of ancient Egypt. Its popular use stems from the Bible, but its use as a term for the king of Egypt begins during the 18th Dynasty. Egyptian priests made lists of their pharaohs and noted the most important events of their reigns. About 280 BC one of these priests, Manetho, grouped the pharaohs into 30 dynasties (a dynasty is a succession of rulers of the same line of descent).

 

(See also: Pharoah, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

 

List of Pharaohs: New Age Spirituality Dictionary on Pharoah

Pharoah

(Egyptian- great house, house of Ra)) One of the kings of ancient Egypt. Its popular use stems from the Bible, but its use as a term for the king of Egypt begins during the 18th Dynasty. Egyptian priests made lists of their pharaohs and noted the most important events of their reigns. About 280 BC one of these priests, Manetho, grouped the pharaohs into 30 dynasties (a dynasty is a succession of rulers of the same line of descent).

 

(See also: Pharoah, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

 

List of Pharaohs: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Principles

Principles A beginning, foundation, source, or essence from which things proceed; principles are thus the fundamental essences out of which and from which all things are and exist, usually enumerated as seven in theosophical writings. These kosmic principles, corresponding to the seven planes of the kosmos -- the seven basic types of consciousness-substance of which the universe is formed -- are manifested in the human being, so that we speak of the seven human principles, copies in the small of the seven principles of the universe.

 

The seven human principles are not a confederation of distinct entities, for man himself is essentially a unit, a monad, expressing his potentialities through a series of vehicles or vestures. The seven principles severally exist as aspects of human consciousness. Whether kosmic or human, they are usually divided into a higher triad and a lower quaternary, these being the numbers of the spiritual and material side of nature respectively.

 

The higher triad is atman, buddhi, and manas (or, more correctly expressed, atman, atma-buddhi, and atma-buddhi-manas); the quaternary was originally given as kama-rupa, prana, linga-sarira, and sthula-sarira. In a later enumeration sthula-sarira was omitted from the list as not being a principle in itself but the vehicle of the other principles, and the quaternary was made up by adding the lower aspect of manas.

 

The septenate may also be regarded as a higher and lower triad united by manas, which can attach itself to either and in our present stage of evolution is oscillating between the two. Since these seven rudimentary principles are omnipresent, they give rise to subordinate septenates within the larger septenates, so that each principle is itself subdivided into seven, repeating nature's fundamental structure indefinitely. This becomes clearer when we bear in mind that the universe in all its parts is composed of monads, and that every monad in manifestation expresses itself as a septenate. Though principles and elements are essentially the same, it is convenient to make a distinction whereby the term principle is used for the force or spirit aspect, and element for the vehicular aspect; the principle being the inner, and the element the outer aspect, flowing forth from the principle as its vital vehicle or clothing.

 

Basically, these human principles are the original essences or elements in the constitution of any entity, macrocosmic or microcosmic, when these elements or essences are integrated into a unit by the power inherent in the essential self of such an entity. Thus there are principles of a cosmos or universe, of a sun, a globe, a man, beast, plant, mineral and of an elemental. All religions and philosophies in all times have taught, albeit after various manners, that man or world or any other being is much more than the physical body.

 

The physical bodies or vehicles are but the outer shells or carriers of inward invisible, ethereal, and spiritual potencies or essences. In attempting to define the various parts of which our being is composed, many methods of dividing the human constitution have been adopted by different schools following different ways. The theosophic system is a division into seven principles or ultimate elements or essences; and everything within the cosmos is built of the same fundamental spiritual essence or substance and after the same general pattern. Other systems of division are possible, for instance the Christian threefold division of spirit, soul, and body. But the septenary classification is the most ancient one, and it is the common inheritance of all the esoteric schools "left to the sages of the Fifth Root-Race by the great Siddhas [Nirmanakayas]

 

of the Fourth" (SD 2:636). The following table (cf SD 2:596, ET 952-4) shows the analogy between the seven human aspects and the cosmic aspects:

 

Human Aspects ------- Cosmic Aspects

1. Atman Spirit, Essential Self ----- Unmanifested Logos, Essential Self ----- Paramatman Cosmic Monad, Self

2. Buddhi Spiritual Soul ----- Universal Ideation, Second Logos ----- Alaya, Adi-Buddhi,

3. Manas (Mind) Human Soul ----- Universal Intelligence, Third Logos ----- Mahat Cosmic Mind

4. Kama (Desire) Animal Soul ----- Cosmic Energy (Chaotic) ----- Cosmic Kama Womb of Fohat

5. Prana Life-essence Vitality----- Cosmic Life-Essence or Energy ------ Cosmic Jiva

6. Linga-sarira Model-body ----- Astral Ideation, reflecting terrestrial things ----- Cosmic Ether Astral Light

7. Sthula-sarira Physical body ----- Cosmos Physical universe ----- Sthura- or Sthula-sarira

 

In this classification atman is enumerated first of the human principles in order to convey the idea that all the other six principles emanate or unroll forth from it. Thus buddhi is emanated first and two portions of the scroll are unrolled, to adopt a Christian metaphor; then from buddhi is emanated manas (the other four principles being still infolded) and three portions of the scroll are unrolled; then from manas is emanated kama -- and so forth until all seven principles are unfolded.

 

The ancient Persians also had a sevenfold division of man's aspects (Theos 4:21):

 

English ----- Avestic ----- Sanskrit

1. Physical Body -----Tanwas (bones) ----- Sthula-sarira

2. Model-body ----- Keherpas (aerial form), Persian kaleb ----- Linga-sarira

3. Life-Essence ----- Ushtanas (vital heat) ----- Prana

4. Desire Principle ----- Tevishis (conscious will) ----- Kama-manas

5. Mind (Human Soul) ----- Baodhas (perception through senses) ----- Manas

6. Spiritual Soul ----- Urvanem (Soul), Persian rawan ----- Buddhi

7. Universal Spirit ----- Fravashem or Farohar (Spirit) ----- Atman

 

In the ancient Chinese I Ching a seven fold classification is also given; and Gerald Massey stated that the Egyptian text often mention "seven souls of the Pharaoh," which he enumerated as follows (with Blavatsky's correction in SD 2:632):

 

English ----- Chinese ----- Egyptian

1. Physical Body ----- Kwei ----- Kha soul of blood

2. Model-body ----- Kwei shan vial soul ----- Khaba, the shade covering soul

3. Life Essence ----- Shan vital principle ----- Ba soul of breath

4. Desire Principle ----- Zhing or Zing Essence of Will ----- Akhu, intelligence soul of perception

5. Mind ----- Pho ------ Seb ancestral soul

6. Spiritual Soul ----- Khi ----- Putah, first intellectual father intellectual soul

7. Universal Spirit ----- Hwun pure spirit ----- Atmu divine or eternal soul

 

Lao-tzu in his Tao-Teh-Ching mentions five principles, pure spirit and the body being taken for granted therein (Key 117).

 

Adapting the classification of Egyptologist Franz Lambert who tabulated a Qabbalistic classification alongside a hieroglyphic division:

 

Sanskrit ----- Qabbalah ----- Hieroglyphics

1. Sthula-sarira ----- Guph ----- Chat elementary body

2. Linga-sarira ----- Nephesh ----- Ka astral body, Evestrum, Sidereal Man

3. Prana ----- Khoah hag-Guph ----- Anch vital force Archaeus, Mumia

4. Kama ----- Ruah ------ Hati animal soul // Ab heart, feeling

5. Manas ----- Neshamah ----- Bai intellectual soul, intelligence

6. Buddhi ----- Hayyah ------ Cheybi spiritual soul

7. Atman ----- Yehidah ----- Chu divine spirit

 

The classification usually met with in the Qabbalah is a fourfold division: 1) neshamah, the most spiritual principle, the breath of being; 2) ruah, the spiritual soul; 3) nephesh, the vital soul; and 4) guph, the physical vehicle.

 

A sevenfold classification is stated to have been taught by the Gnostics, presented in the Pistis Sophia. "The Inner Man is similarly made up of four constituents, but these are supplied by the rebellious AEons of the Spheres, being the Power -- a particle of the Divine light ('Divinae particula aurae') yet left in themselves; the Soul (the fifth) 'formed out of the tears of their eyes, and the sweat of their torments; . . . The Counterfeit of the Spirit (seemingly answering to our Conscience), (the sixth); and lastly the [Greek moira], Fate (Karmic Ego), whose business it is to lead the man to the end appointed for him . . .' -- the seventh!" (SD 2:604-5).

 

The Pymander of Hermes states that the self is clothed with

1)    the blissful garment of conscious selfhood;

2)    the garment of knowing or reason;

3)    the garment of fancy, etc., spoken of as the soul;

4)    the garment of life or breath; and

5)    the gross body.

 

The Vedantic classification commonly uses a sixfold division, while other systems employed by the Brahmins, especially the Taraka-Raja-Yogins, is fourfold:

 

Theosophical ----- Vedantic ----- Taraka-Raja-Yoga

1. Sthula-sarira ----- Annamaya-kosa ----- Sthulopadhi

2. Linga-sarira ----- Pranamaya-kosa ------ "

3. Prana ----- " ------ "

4. Kama

5. Manas

. . . a) volitions, feelings ----- Manomaya-kosa ----- Sukshmopadhi

. . . b) vijnana ----- Vijnanamaya-kosa ----- "

6. Buddhi ----- Anandamaya-kosa ----- Karanopadhi

7. Atman ----- Atman ----- Atman

 

The ancient Greek writers had their own terms for the aspects of the universe or of man, besides the familiar nous and psyche:

 

Theosophical ----- Greek ----- Roman

1. Sthula-sarira ----- Soma ----- Corpus

2. Linga-sarira ----- Phantasma or Phasma ----- Simulacrum or Imago

3. Prana ----- Bios ----- Anima

4. Kama-manas ----- Thymos ----- Animus

5. Higher Manas ----- Phren ----- )

6. Buddhi-manas ----- Nous ----- Mens

7. Atman ----- Pneuma ----- Spiritus

 

In the human constitution the archaic Latins discovered almost as many different spiritual, psychic, and astral elements as the ancient Hindus did. Thus, for instance, there was in man the genius (called in women the juno), closely corresponding to the manasaputric element or higher manas; and when a man died the genius sought its own sphere.

 

The other parts of the human constitution consisted of a member of the manes and a member of the lares, which two were probably closely identic with the lower human ego and the higher human ego; furthermore after the death of the man there appeared the lemur corresponding to the kama-rupa, shade, or specter; and the larva, which seems to have been identical with the lemur but with even less of the nobler human element in it; so that the lemur may be considered the kama-rupa in its early stages, and the larva when more greatly disintegrated. The physical body of course was considered simply to fall to pieces and to render its elements to the earth which gave it.

 

In the Scandinavian Eddas, Ask and Embla were two ash trees, and by means of the gifts bestowed upon them human beings were produced.

 

Another system of classification used in theosophical thought is the considering of the human constitution as composed of monads. The following table gives the monads and their relation to the principles.

 

See also FOURFOLD CLASSIFICATION

 

(See also: Principles, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

 




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