Although Professor Heinrich Otten has called called the current scholarly consensus a "rubber chronology" that you can stretch or shrink anywhere, by arbitrarily established lengths of co-regencies between rulers and even overlapping dynasties, the outlines and dates have not fluctuated very much in the last 100 years, as can be seen by comparing the dates when Egypt's 30 dynasties began and ended from two different Egyptologists: ...

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Egyptian chronology, Egyptian chronology - Counting regnal years, Egyptian chronology - Synchronisms, Egyptian chronology - The attraction of alternative chronologies, Egyptian chronology - New chronologies, Egyptian chronology - Notes

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There are no official contemporary records or inscriptions of Pepi's immediate successors, and for this reason in many books Pepi II is typically credited as being the last verifiable pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty and of the Old Kingdom. However, according the Manetho and the Turin King List, he was succeeded by his son Merenre II, who reigned for just over a year. He in turn may have been succeeded by Nitocris, who was likely Merenre II's sister as well as wife. If she did in fact rule, she would be the first female ruler of Egypt. Ac ...

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Pepi II Neferkare, Pepi II Neferkare - Early Years of His Reign, Pepi II Neferkare - Wives, Pepi II Neferkare - Foreign Relations, Pepi II Neferkare - The Decline of the Old Kingdom, Pepi II Neferkare - Pyramid Complex, Pepi II Neferkare - Excavation, Pepi II Neferkare - Successors

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Upon Thutmose II's death, the throne passed to Thutmose III, and Hatshepsut—as the boy king's aunt and stepmother—was selected to be regent until he came of age. At first it seemed that Hatshepsut was patterning herself after the powerful female regents of Egypt's then recent history, but as Thutmose III approached maturity it became apparent that she had only one model in mind: Sobekneferu, the last monarch of the Twelfth dynasty, who ruled in her own right. However, Hatshepsut took one step further than Sobekneferu and had herself crowned Pharaoh around 1473 BC, ...

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Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

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His mother Ankhnesmerire II most likely ruled as regent in the early years of his reign. An alabaster statuette in the Brooklyn Museum depicts a young Pepi II, in full kingly regalia, sitting on the on the lap of his mother. Despite his long reign, this piece is one of only three 3D representations (i.e. statuary) in existence of this particular king. She may have been helped in turn by her brother Djau, who was a vizier under the previous king. A glimpse of the personality of the early child king can be found in a letter he wrote to ...

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Pepi II Neferkare, Pepi II Neferkare - Early Years of His Reign, Pepi II Neferkare - Wives, Pepi II Neferkare - Foreign Relations, Pepi II Neferkare - The Decline of the Old Kingdom, Pepi II Neferkare - Pyramid Complex, Pepi II Neferkare - Excavation, Pepi II Neferkare - Successors

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It is thought that Pepi II carried on in the tradition of his predecessors and continued with existing foreign relations, and possibly expanding further trade links into southern Africa. Copper and turquoise mining were undertaken at Wadi Maghara, and alabaster was quarried from Hatnub, both in the Sinai. There is at least one trade expedition to Punt recorded. Diplomatic records also exist of missions to Byblos in ancient Palestine. Pepi II is thought to have taken a policy of pacification in Nubia, with Harkhuf making at least two f ...

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Pepi II Neferkare, Pepi II Neferkare - Early Years of His Reign, Pepi II Neferkare - Wives, Pepi II Neferkare - Foreign Relations, Pepi II Neferkare - The Decline of the Old Kingdom, Pepi II Neferkare - Pyramid Complex, Pepi II Neferkare - Excavation, Pepi II Neferkare - Successors

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main article: Ancient Near East Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch. Agriculture in Mesopotamia Domestication of sheep and goats in the Middle East Circa 8350 BC – Neolithic settlement at Jericho Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC. Circa 8000 BC–Settlements at Nevali Cori in present-day Turkey are established.

Pepi II's pyramid complex (originally known as Pepi's Life is Enduring) is located in Saqqara, close to many other Old Kingdom pharaohs. His pyramid is a modest affair compared to the great pyramid builders of the Fourth Dynasty, but was comparable to earlier pharaohs from his own dynasty. It was originally 78.5 metres high, but erosion and relatively poor construction has reduced it 52 metres. The pyramid was the center of a sizable funerary complex, complete with a separate mortuary complex, a small, eastern satellite pyramid ...

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Pepi II Neferkare, Pepi II Neferkare - Early Years of His Reign, Pepi II Neferkare - Wives, Pepi II Neferkare - Foreign Relations, Pepi II Neferkare - The Decline of the Old Kingdom, Pepi II Neferkare - Pyramid Complex, Pepi II Neferkare - Excavation, Pepi II Neferkare - Successors

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As with most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had a number of names. Her birth name, or nomen, was Hatshepsut, to which she suffixed the epithet Khenmetamun, and prefixed the praenomen, or throne name Maat-ka-re. Her names are written as shown in Egyptian hieroglyphs on the right; Maat-ka-re to the top and Hatshepsut to the bottom. Maat-ka-re means "Maàt is the ka-spirit of Ra" and Hatshepsut means "Foremost of distinguished women, Joined with Amun". Together they mean "Maàt is the ka-spirit of Ra, Foremost of distin ...

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Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

Read more here: » Hatshepsut: Encyclopedia II - Hatshepsut - Names

Hatshepsut - In Egyptology. After her death, many of her monuments were defaced or destroyed. Replacing the names on older monuments with the name of the current ruler was a common practice of pharaohs, but in some cases this is thought to have been an act of damnatio memoriae—condemning a person by erasing him or her from recorded existence[10]. Egyptologists have differing views on who defaced Hatshepsut's monuments and their possible motivations including resentment for the be ...

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Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

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She was the eldest daughter of Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose, both of whom were of fully royal blood. Thutmose I and Ahmose are known to have had only one other child, a daughter Akhbetneferu (Neferubity), who died in infancy. Thutmose I had been married to Mutnofret before Ahmose, and produced several half-brothers to Hatshepsut: Wadjmose, Amenose, Thutmose II, and possibly Ramose, through that union. Both Wadjmose and Amenose were prepared to succeed their father, but neither lived beyond adolescence. In childhood, Hatshepsut is believed to ...

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Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

Read more here: » Hatshepsut: Encyclopedia II - Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life

There are many open problems concerning Ancient Egypt, including some with no satisfactory solution. Experts may suggest solutions to many of these questions; others may never be solved. Egyptian archaeology is in a state of constant transition, with much of the terminology and chronology in dispute. The archeological record is incomplete, with some relics and artifacts missing or destroyed. New archaeological discoveries can call into question previous conclusions about Ancient Egypt. Furthermore, there are internal problems of overall cohesion of various dynasties and there are problems re ...

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List of unsolved problems in Egyptology, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Origins, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - The Pharaohs, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Temples and pyramids, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Burial and tombs, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Biblical, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Technology, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Language and the arts, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Miscellaneous, List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Further reading and other publications

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See also List of fictional British monarchs List of fictional rulers - Kings of Middle-earth. Kings of Gondor List of rulers of Númenor List of Kings of Rohan King under the Mountain Kings of Arnor Chieftains of the Dúnedain List of fictional rulers - Kings of Westeros. Aegon the Conqueror Targaryen dynasty Aerys II Robert Baratheon List of fic ...

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List of fictional rulers, List of fictional rulers - Chancellors, List of fictional rulers - Qo'nos Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Galactic Republic Star Wars, List of fictional rulers - Emperors, List of fictional rulers - Discworld, List of fictional rulers - Dune, List of fictional rulers - Futurama, List of fictional rulers - Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Star Wars, List of fictional rulers - The Simpsons, List of fictional rulers - Other, List of fictional rulers - Grand Nagus of the Ferengi Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Kaisers, List of fictional rulers - Kings, List of fictional rulers - Kings of Middle-earth, List of fictional rulers - Kings of Westeros, List of fictional rulers - King of the 3rd Street Playground, List of fictional rulers - Maesters of Yevon, List of fictional rulers - Patrician of Ankh-Morpork, List of fictional rulers - Pharaohs, List of fictional rulers - Praetors of Romulus, List of fictional rulers - Princes, List of fictional rulers - Princesses, List of fictional rulers - Queens, List of fictional rulers - Stewards, List of fictional rulers - System Lords Stargate SG-1, List of fictional rulers - Thains of the Shire, List of fictional rulers - Warders of Riva, List of fictional rulers - Other

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List of fictional rulers - Discworld. Emperor Cohen of the Agatean Empire - Interesting Times novel Unnamed Agatean Emperor (an idealistic boy) - The Colour of Magic and Mort novels Unnamed Agatean Emperor (psychotic uncle of the above) - Interesting Times novel List of fictional rulers - Dune. Emperor Shaddam Corrino IV (Official title: Padishah Emperor of the Known Universe) from the Dune novel by Frank Herbert. See also Padishah Empire (Dune universe). ...

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List of fictional rulers, List of fictional rulers - Chancellors, List of fictional rulers - Qo'nos Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Galactic Republic Star Wars, List of fictional rulers - Emperors, List of fictional rulers - Discworld, List of fictional rulers - Dune, List of fictional rulers - Futurama, List of fictional rulers - Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Star Wars, List of fictional rulers - The Simpsons, List of fictional rulers - Other, List of fictional rulers - Grand Nagus of the Ferengi Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Kaisers, List of fictional rulers - Kings, List of fictional rulers - Kings of Middle-earth, List of fictional rulers - Kings of Westeros, List of fictional rulers - King of the 3rd Street Playground, List of fictional rulers - Maesters of Yevon, List of fictional rulers - Patrician of Ankh-Morpork, List of fictional rulers - Pharaohs, List of fictional rulers - Praetors of Romulus, List of fictional rulers - Princes, List of fictional rulers - Princesses, List of fictional rulers - Queens, List of fictional rulers - Stewards, List of fictional rulers - System Lords Stargate SG-1, List of fictional rulers - Thains of the Shire, List of fictional rulers - Warders of Riva, List of fictional rulers - Other

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Goa'uld feudal "god"-lords System Lord Anubis; neutralized 2004 AD System Lord Apophis; killed 2001 AD System Lord Baal; exiled 2005 AD System Lord Cronos; killed 2001 AD System Lord Hathor; killed 1999 AD System Lord Heru-ur; killed 2001 AD System Lord Nirrti; killed 2003 AD System Lord Osiris; exiled c.3000 BC?, killed 2004 Supreme System Lord Ra; killed 1996 AD System Lord Seth; exiled c.3000 BC, killed 1999 AD System Lord Sokar; killed 2000 AD System L ...

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List of fictional rulers, List of fictional rulers - Chancellors, List of fictional rulers - Qo'nos Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Galactic Republic Star Wars, List of fictional rulers - Emperors, List of fictional rulers - Discworld, List of fictional rulers - Dune, List of fictional rulers - Futurama, List of fictional rulers - Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Star Wars, List of fictional rulers - The Simpsons, List of fictional rulers - Other, List of fictional rulers - Grand Nagus of the Ferengi Star Trek, List of fictional rulers - Kaisers, List of fictional rulers - Kings, List of fictional rulers - Kings of Middle-earth, List of fictional rulers - Kings of Westeros, List of fictional rulers - King of the 3rd Street Playground, List of fictional rulers - Maesters of Yevon, List of fictional rulers - Patrician of Ankh-Morpork, List of fictional rulers - Pharaohs, List of fictional rulers - Praetors of Romulus, List of fictional rulers - Princes, List of fictional rulers - Princesses, List of fictional rulers - Queens, List of fictional rulers - Stewards, List of fictional rulers - System Lords Stargate SG-1, List of fictional rulers - Thains of the Shire, List of fictional rulers - Warders of Riva, List of fictional rulers - Other

Read more here: » List of fictional rulers: Encyclopedia II - List of fictional rulers - System Lords Stargate SG-1

List of names for the Biblical nameless - Wives of the antediluvian patriarchs. Source: the apocryphal book of Jubilees Appears in the Bible at: Genesis 4-5 The book of Jubilees provides names for a host of unnamed Biblical characters, including wives for most of the antediluvian patriarchs. The last in the series is Noah's wife, to whom it gives the name of Emzara. Other ...

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List of names for the Biblical nameless, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Hebrew Bible, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Wives of the antediluvian patriarchs, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Noah's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Nimrod's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Potiphar's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Pharaoh's magicians, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Job's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Jephthah's daughter, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Witch of Endor, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Architect of the Temple of Solomon, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Queen of Sheba, List of names for the Biblical nameless - New Testament, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Magi, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Nativity shepherds, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Herodias' daughter, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Syrophoenician woman, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Hæmorrhaging woman, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Samaritan Woman at the Well, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Damned rich man, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Woman taken in adultery, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Pontius Pilate's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Thieves crucified with Jesus, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Soldier who pierced Jesus with a spear, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Man who offered Jesus vinegar, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Guards at Jesus' tomb, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Cleopas's companion on the road to Emmaus, List of names for the Biblical nameless - For further reference

Read more here: » List of names for the Biblical nameless: Encyclopedia II - List of names for the Biblical nameless - Hebrew Bible

List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Magi. Names: Balthasar, Melchior, and Caspar (or Gaspar) Source: European folklore Names: Hor, Basanater, and Karsudan Source: The Book of Adam, an apocryphal Ethiopian text Names: Larvandad, Hormisdas, and Gushnasaph Source: Syrian Christ ...

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List of names for the Biblical nameless, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Hebrew Bible, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Wives of the antediluvian patriarchs, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Noah's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Nimrod's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Potiphar's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Pharaoh's magicians, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Job's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Jephthah's daughter, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Witch of Endor, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Architect of the Temple of Solomon, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Queen of Sheba, List of names for the Biblical nameless - New Testament, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Magi, List of names for the Biblical nameless - The Nativity shepherds, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Herodias' daughter, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Syrophoenician woman, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Hæmorrhaging woman, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Samaritan Woman at the Well, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Damned rich man, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Woman taken in adultery, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Pontius Pilate's wife, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Thieves crucified with Jesus, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Soldier who pierced Jesus with a spear, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Man who offered Jesus vinegar, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Guards at Jesus' tomb, List of names for the Biblical nameless - Cleopas's companion on the road to Emmaus, List of names for the Biblical nameless - For further reference

Read more here: » List of names for the Biblical nameless: Encyclopedia II - List of names for the Biblical nameless - New Testament

Egyptian history is broken into several different periods according to the dynasty of the ruling pharaoh. The dating of events in Egyptian history is still a subject of research. The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of about three millennia. The following is the list according to conventional Egyptian chronology. Predynastic Period (Prior to 3100 BC) Protodynastic Period (Approximately 3100 - 3000 BC) Early Dynastic Period (1st–2nd Dynasties) Old Kingdom ( ...

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History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology

Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He was, therefore, a lessor son of Thutmose I who chose to marry his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, to secure his kingship. While he successfully put down rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins, these campaign were specifically carried out by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often interpreted as evidence that Thutmose II was still a minor at his accession. Ineni, one of his court officials, even states in ...

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Thutmose II, Thutmose II - Family

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC. Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia and Afghanistan Hellenic Greek culture spread ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

Read more here: » Timeline of Middle Eastern History: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East

(The dominance of the Arabs came to a sudden end in the mid 11th century with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks) c. 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Kaffa (Feodosiya) reached the port of Messina and spreads the Black Death (see also: Turks, Crusaders, Mongols) ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

Read more here: » Timeline of Middle Eastern History: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols

(circa since 1453 when Ottoman emirs captured Constantinople) (main article: History of the Ottoman Empire) 1869 - Construction of the Suez Canal is completed. ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

Read more here: » Timeline of Middle Eastern History: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era