List of languages

The languages of metropolitan France include: Language isolate: Basque Celtic language Breton Germanic languages: Alsatian (Elsässerdeutsch) Frankish, the Lorraine dialect West Flemish Romance languages: Catalan Corsican (Corsu) Franco-Provençal Oc language family (also Occitan): Alpine Provençal Auvergnat Gascon Ariegese (Ariégeois) See also:

Languages of France, Languages of France - Government outlook, Languages of France - List of languages, Languages of France - Statistics, Languages of France - Important notes to understand the table

Read more here: » Languages of France: Encyclopedia II - Languages of France - List of languages

Faeroese (Germanic) Fars (Iranian) Fijian Filipino Finnish (Finno-Ugric) Finnish Sign Language Fon French Créole French (Romance) French Sign Language Frisian (Germanic) Friulian (Romance) Fulani Fur ...

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List of languages, List of languages - A, List of languages - B, List of languages - C, List of languages - D, List of languages - E, List of languages - F, List of languages - G, List of languages - H, List of languages - I, List of languages - J, List of languages - K, List of languages - L, List of languages - M, List of languages - N, List of languages - O, List of languages - P, List of languages - Q, List of languages - R, List of languages - S, List of languages - T, List of languages - U, List of languages - V, List of languages - W, List of languages - X, List of languages - Y, List of languages - Z

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English is a West Germanic language that is spoken in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, the United States, and many other countries. English is now the third-most spoken native language worldwide (after Chinese and Hindi), with some 380 million speakers. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and that of the United S ...

Including:

• English language - History
• English language - Classification and related languages
• English language - Geographic distribution
• English language - English as a global language
• English language - Dialects and regional variants
• English language - Constructed variants of English
• English language - Sounds
• English language - Vowels
• English language - Consonants
• English language - Intonation
• English language - Tone groups
• English language - Characteristics of intonation
• English language - Grammar
• English language - Vocabulary
• English language - Number of words in English
• English language - Word origins
• English language - Writing system
• English language - Basic sound-letter correspondence
• English language - Written accents
• English language - Dialects
• English language - Pronunciation
• English language - Social cultural or political
• English language - Grammar
• English language - Usage
• English language - Dictionaries

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A language is a system of symbols, generally known as lexemes and the rules by which they are manipulated. The word language is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, i.e., the common properties of languages. Though language is commonly used for communication, it is not synonymous with it. Human language is a natural phenomenon, and language learning is instinctive in childhood. In their natural form, human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for the symbols in order to communicate with others through the senses. Though there are thousands of human languages, they all share a number of prope ...

Including:

• Language - Properties of language
• Language - Human languages
• Language - Origins of human language
• Language - Language taxonomy
• Language - Constructed languages
• Language - The study of language
• Language - Animal nonhuman language
• Language - Formal languages

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List of constructed languages - Fictional languages. Ailurin is the language spoken by cats (at least those living in New York) in Diane Duane's fantasy books. Aklo, Tsath-yo, and R'lyehian are ancient and obscure languages in the works of H.P. Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, and others. Aklo is considered by some writers to be the written language of the Serpent People Ancient Language in the Inheritance Trilogy by Christopher Paolini Anglic from David Brin's Uplift ...

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List of constructed languages, List of constructed languages - Auxiliary languages, List of constructed languages - Spoken major, List of constructed languages - Spoken minor, List of constructed languages - Controlled languages, List of constructed languages - Visual languages, List of constructed languages - Engineered languages, List of constructed languages - Human-usable, List of constructed languages - Knowledge representation, List of constructed languages - Artistic languages, List of constructed languages - Fictional languages, List of constructed languages - Alternative languages, List of constructed languages - Micronational languages, List of constructed languages - Personal languages, List of constructed languages - Language games

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The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites. Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian. Greek language — ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

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Finnish extensively employs regular agglutination. It has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivative suffixes to a greater extent. As an example, take the word kirja "a book", from which one can form derivatives kirjain "a letter" (of the alphabet), kirje "a piece of correspondence, a letter", kirjasto "a library", kirjailija "an author", kirjallisuus "literature", kirjoittaa "to write", kirjoittaja "a writer", kirjallinen "something in written form", kirjata "to write down, register, re ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

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List of constructed languages - Fictional languages. Ailurin is the language spoken by cats (at least those living in New York) in Diane Duane's fantasy books. Aklo, Tsath-yo, and R'lyehian are ancient and obscure languages in the works of H.P. Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, and others. Aklo is considered by some writers to be the written language of the Serpent People Ancient Language in the Inheritance Trilogy by Christopher Paolini Anglic from David Brin's Uplift ...

See also:

List of constructed languages, List of constructed languages - Auxiliary languages, List of constructed languages - Spoken, List of constructed languages - Controlled languages, List of constructed languages - Visual languages, List of constructed languages - Engineered languages, List of constructed languages - Human-usable, List of constructed languages - Knowledge representation, List of constructed languages - Artistic languages, List of constructed languages - Fictional languages, List of constructed languages - Alternative languages, List of constructed languages - Micronational languages, List of constructed languages - Personal languages, List of constructed languages - Language games

Read more here: » List of constructed languages: Encyclopedia II - List of constructed languages - Artistic languages

Major Source: Ethnologue, 15th edition online Note 2: According to combined estimates from the CIA, Ethnologue, [1], and [2]. Note: Serbian, Croatian, Bosniak and Montenegrin together are sometimes referred as Serbocroatian and would have about 20 Million speakers. ...

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List of languages by number of native speakers, List of languages by number of native speakers - 100 million native speakers or more, List of languages by number of native speakers - 30–100 million native speakers, List of languages by number of native speakers - 10–30 million native speakers, List of languages by number of native speakers - 3–10 million native speakers, List of languages by number of native speakers - 1–3 million native speakers, List of languages by number of native speakers - Notes

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English is the second or third most widely spoken language in the world today. A total of 600–700 million people use the various dialects of English regularly. About 377 million people use one the versions of English as their mother tongue, and an equal number of people use them as their second or foreign language. English is used widely in either the public or private sphere in more than 100 countries all over the world. In addition, the language has occupied a primary place in international academic and business communities. The current ...

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English language, English language - History, English language - Classification and related languages, English language - Geographic distribution, English language - English as a global language, English language - Dialects and regional variants, English language - Constructed variants of English, English language - Sounds, English language - Vowels, English language - Consonants, English language - Intonation, English language - Tone groups, English language - Characteristics of intonation, English language - Grammar, English language - Vocabulary, English language - Number of words in English, English language - Word origins, English language - Writing system, English language - Basic sound-letter correspondence, English language - Written accents, English language - Dialects, English language - Pronunciation, English language - Social cultural or political, English language - Grammar, English language - Usage, English language - Dictionaries

Read more here: » English language: Encyclopedia II - English language - Geographic distribution

Ojibwe, like many American languages, is polysynthetic, meaning it exhibits a great deal of synthesis and a very high morpheme-to-word ratio (e.g., the single word for "they are Chinese" is aniibiishaabookewininiiwiwag, which contains seven morphemes: elm-PEJORATIVE-liquid-make-man-be-PLURAL, or approximately "they are leaf-soup [i.e., tea] makers"). It is agglutinating, and thus builds up words by stringing morpheme after morpheme together, rather than having several affixes which carr ...

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Ojibwe language, Ojibwe language - Classification, Ojibwe language - Geographic distribution, Ojibwe language - Dialects, Ojibwe language - Phonology, Ojibwe language - Vowels, Ojibwe language - Consonants, Ojibwe language - Phonological Processes, Ojibwe language - Prosody, Ojibwe language - Phonotactics, Ojibwe language - Grammar, Ojibwe language - Pronouns, Ojibwe language - Verbs, Ojibwe language - Nouns, Ojibwe language - Adjectives, Ojibwe language - Syntax, Ojibwe language - Vocabulary, Ojibwe language - Writing system, Ojibwe language - Double Vowel System, Ojibwe language - Syllabary, Ojibwe language - History, Ojibwe language - Examples, Ojibwe language - Text, Ojibwe language - Translation, Ojibwe language - Gloss

Read more here: » Ojibwe language: Encyclopedia II - Ojibwe language - Grammar

The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites. Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian Dardic languages ...

See also:

Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification

Russian was the sole official language of the Russian Empire which existed until 1917. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. The state helped develop alphabets and grammar for various languages across the country that had previously been lacking a written form. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying rol ...

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Languages of Russia, Languages of Russia - History, Languages of Russia - Official languages, Languages of Russia - Endangered languages in Russia, Languages of Russia - Languages near extinction, Languages of Russia - Other endangered languages, Languages of Russia - Languages, Languages of Russia - External references

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Human languages are usually referred to as natural languages, and the science studying them is linguistics. Making a principled distinction between one language and another is usually impossible. For example, the boundaries between named language groups are in effect arbitrary due to blending between populations (the dialect continuum). For instance, there are dialects of German very similar to Dutch which are not mutually intelligible with o ...

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Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia II - Language - Human languages

The English language belongs to the western subbranch of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Apart from English-lexified creole languages such as Tok Pisin and Bislama, the nearest living relative of English is Scots (Lallans), spoken mostly in Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland. Like English, Scots is a direct descendant of Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. After Scots, the next closest relative is Frisian—spoken in the Netherlands and Germany. Other less closely related living languages include ...

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English language, English language - History, English language - Classification and related languages, English language - Geographic distribution, English language - English as a global language, English language - Dialects and regional variants, English language - Constructed variants of English, English language - Sounds, English language - Vowels, English language - Consonants, English language - Intonation, English language - Tone groups, English language - Characteristics of intonation, English language - Grammar, English language - Vocabulary, English language - Number of words in English, English language - Word origins, English language - Writing system, English language - Basic sound-letter correspondence, English language - Written accents, English language - Dialects, English language - Pronunciation, English language - Social cultural or political, English language - Grammar, English language - Usage, English language - Dictionaries

Read more here: » English language: Encyclopedia II - English language - Classification and related languages

Ojibwe is written using a syllabary, which is usually said to have been developed by missionary James Evans around 1840 and based on Pitman's shorthand. In the United States, the language is most often written phonemically with Roman characters. Syllabics are primarily used in Canada. The newest Roman character-based writing system is the Double Vowel System, devised by Charles Fiero. Although there is no standard orthography, the Double Vowel System is quickly gaining popularity among language teachers in the United States and Canada because of its ease of use. See also:

Ojibwe language, Ojibwe language - Classification, Ojibwe language - Geographic distribution, Ojibwe language - Dialects, Ojibwe language - Phonology, Ojibwe language - Vowels, Ojibwe language - Consonants, Ojibwe language - Phonological Processes, Ojibwe language - Prosody, Ojibwe language - Phonotactics, Ojibwe language - Grammar, Ojibwe language - Pronouns, Ojibwe language - Verbs, Ojibwe language - Nouns, Ojibwe language - Adjectives, Ojibwe language - Syntax, Ojibwe language - Vocabulary, Ojibwe language - Writing system, Ojibwe language - Double Vowel System, Ojibwe language - Syllabary, Ojibwe language - History, Ojibwe language - Examples, Ojibwe language - Text, Ojibwe language - Translation, Ojibwe language - Gloss

Read more here: » Ojibwe language: Encyclopedia II - Ojibwe language - Writing system

Ojibwe is spoken by around 10,000 people in the United States and by as many as 45,000 in Canada, making it one of the largest Algic languages by speakers. The various dialects are spoken in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan in the US, and north into Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec in Canada. Ojibwe language - Dialects. Ojibwe has quite a few divergent dialects. The primary ones are Nipissing, Plains Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Eastern Ojibwe, Northern Ojibwe, and Odaawaa (or Ottawa), Severn Ojibwe (Oji-Cree), and ...

See also:

Ojibwe language, Ojibwe language - Classification, Ojibwe language - Geographic distribution, Ojibwe language - Dialects, Ojibwe language - Phonology, Ojibwe language - Vowels, Ojibwe language - Consonants, Ojibwe language - Phonological Processes, Ojibwe language - Prosody, Ojibwe language - Phonotactics, Ojibwe language - Grammar, Ojibwe language - Pronouns, Ojibwe language - Verbs, Ojibwe language - Nouns, Ojibwe language - Adjectives, Ojibwe language - Syntax, Ojibwe language - Vocabulary, Ojibwe language - Writing system, Ojibwe language - Double Vowel System, Ojibwe language - Syllabary, Ojibwe language - History, Ojibwe language - Examples, Ojibwe language - Text, Ojibwe language - Translation, Ojibwe language - Gloss

Read more here: » Ojibwe language: Encyclopedia II - Ojibwe language - Geographic distribution

In the evolution from Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe, the most sweeping change was the voicing of all Proto-Algonquian voiceless obstruents except when they were in clusters with *h, *ʔ, *ɬ, or *t (which were subsequently lost). Proto-Algonquian *r and *ɬ became Ojibwe n. The relatively symmetrical Proto-Algonquian vowel system, *i, *ī, *e, *ē, *a, *ā, *o, *ō remain ...

See also:

Ojibwe language, Ojibwe language - Classification, Ojibwe language - Geographic distribution, Ojibwe language - Dialects, Ojibwe language - Phonology, Ojibwe language - Vowels, Ojibwe language - Consonants, Ojibwe language - Phonological Processes, Ojibwe language - Prosody, Ojibwe language - Phonotactics, Ojibwe language - Grammar, Ojibwe language - Pronouns, Ojibwe language - Verbs, Ojibwe language - Nouns, Ojibwe language - Adjectives, Ojibwe language - Syntax, Ojibwe language - Vocabulary, Ojibwe language - Writing system, Ojibwe language - Double Vowel System, Ojibwe language - Syllabary, Ojibwe language - History, Ojibwe language - Examples, Ojibwe language - Text, Ojibwe language - Translation, Ojibwe language - Gloss

Read more here: » Ojibwe language: Encyclopedia II - Ojibwe language - History

List of constructed languages - Spoken. Adjuvilo Afrihili Atlango [1] Babm Dunia Esperanto Europanto Fasile Folkspraak Glosa Idiom Neutral Ido Interlingua Latino sine flexione Lingua Franca Nova Mondial Mondlango Mundolinco Novial Nuwaubic Occidental (Interlingue) Progressiva Romanica Románico ...

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List of constructed languages, List of constructed languages - Auxiliary languages, List of constructed languages - Spoken, List of constructed languages - Controlled languages, List of constructed languages - Visual languages, List of constructed languages - Engineered languages, List of constructed languages - Human-usable, List of constructed languages - Knowledge representation, List of constructed languages - Artistic languages, List of constructed languages - Fictional languages, List of constructed languages - Alternative languages, List of constructed languages - Micronational languages, List of constructed languages - Personal languages, List of constructed languages - Language games

Read more here: » List of constructed languages: Encyclopedia II - List of constructed languages - Auxiliary languages

As the Indo-European languages broke up, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) sound system diverged as well. The difference between the palatalized and plain velars (or perhaps velars and uvulars) seems to have been allophonic in PIE, but became phonemic in many of the daughter languages. Note - this draught table needs to be completed, verified, and the allophones explained. Notes: C- is an initial consonant, -C a final consonant, -C- an intervocalic consonant, and 'C a consonant following PIE s ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Sound changes