List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

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The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). The Parthian empire was the most enduring of the empires of the ancient Near East. After the Parni nomads had settled in Parthia and had built a small independent kingdom, they rose to power under king Mithradates the Great ...

Including:

• Parthian Empire - Origins
• Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire
• Parthian Empire - Government
• Parthian Empire - Contact with China
• Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome
• Parthian Empire - Expansion to India
• Parthian Empire - Decline and fall
• Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers
• Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire

The Zand dynasty ruled southern and central Iran (1750–1794). The dynasty was formed by Karim Khan, chief of the Zand tribe of Lurs who had previously been moved by Nadir Shah to eastern Iran, but had returned after the death of the latter. Karim Khan and Alimardan Khan Bakhtiari took control of central Iran following the unrest that arose from the assassination of Nadir Shah (1747). They both chose a minor prince of the Safavid Dynasty as their puppet ruler and named him Ismail III. Karim Khan chose to be the military comman ...

Including:

• Zand dynasty - Zand rulers of Iran

Read more here: » Zand dynasty: Encyclopedia - Zand dynasty

The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian plateau from Central Asia. They were consummate horsemen, known for the 'Parthian shot': turning backwards at full gallop to loose an arrow directly to the rear. Later, at the height of their power, Parthian influence reached as far as Ubar in Arabia, the nexus of the frankincense trade route, where Parthian-inspired ceramics have been found. The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient historians, w ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Origins

Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310. Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars and gaining control over the neighboring provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Susiana, and Mesene. This expansion brought the attention of the Parthian Great King Artabanus IV, Ardashir's overlord and ruler of the Parthian Empire, who marched against him in 224. Their armies clashed at Hormizdeghan, and Artabanus was killed. Ardashir went on to invade the western provinces of the now defunct ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Khosrau I's reforms, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - History

The Qajars were a Turkmen tribe that held ancestral lands in present-day Azerbaijan, which then was part of Iran. In 1779, following the death of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. Agha Mohammad Khan defeated numerous rivals and brought all of Iran under his rule, establishing the Qajar dynasty. By 1794 he had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted Iranian sovereignty over th ...

See also:

Qajar dynasty, Qajar dynasty - Origins of the Quvanlu Qajars, Qajar dynasty - The Constitutional Revolution

Read more here: » Qajar dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Qajar dynasty - Origins of the Quvanlu Qajars

Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310. Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars and gaining control over the neighboring provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Susiana, and Mesene. This expansion brought the attention of the Parthian Great King Artabanus IV, Ardashir's overlord and ruler of the Parthian Empire, who marched against him in 224. Their armies clashed at Hormizdeghan, and Artabanus was killed. Ardashir went on to invade the western provinces of the now defunct ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - History

The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian plateau from Central Asia. They were consummate horsemen, known for the 'Parthian shot': turning backwards at full gallop to loose an arrow directly to the rear. Later, at the height of their power, Parthian influence reached as far as Ubar in Arabia, the nexus of the frankincense trade route, where Parthian-inspired ceramics have been found. The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient histo ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Origins

The Muzaffarids originated in Khorasan but fled to Yazd during the Mongol invasion. Serving under the Il-Khans, they gained prominence when Sharaf al-Din Muzaffar was made governor of Maibud, a town near Yazd. He was tasked with crushing the robber-bands that were roaming around the country. Sharaf al-Din's son, Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad, was brought up at the Il-Khan's court but returned to Maibud upon the death of the Il-Khan Öljeitü. After some time, he defeated the ruler of Yazd and gained control of the city. Following this, he c ...

See also:

Muzaffarids, Muzaffarids - Rise to Power, Muzaffarids - The Reign of Shah Shuja, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Decline, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Rulers

Read more here: » Muzaffarids: Encyclopedia II - Muzaffarids - Rise to Power

Shah Shuja proved to be a less of a tyrannic figure, but he was constantly fighting with his brothers, causing a long period of instability. In 1363 he marched against his first brother Shah Mahmud of Isfahan, and a peace was brokered. However, the next year Shah Mahmud, with the support of his father-in-law Shaikh Uvais of the Jalayirids, invaded Fars and captured Shiraz. Shah Shuja would not be able to reconquer his capital until 1366. Shah Mahmud would continue to play and influential role in Iranian politics, using his marriage alliance ...

See also:

Muzaffarids, Muzaffarids - Rise to Power, Muzaffarids - The Reign of Shah Shuja, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Decline, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Rulers

Read more here: » Muzaffarids: Encyclopedia II - Muzaffarids - The Reign of Shah Shuja

When Zain Al-Abidin succeeded his father, he quickly ignored the declaration of loyalty. Timur therefore marched into the Muzaffarid lands. He came to Isfahan, where the governor gave him control of the city, but a rebellion in the city killed any goodwill Timur had, resulting in a slaughter of the populace. Zain Al-Abidin fled from Shiraz in an attempt to make it to the Jalayirids in Baghdad, who were enemies of Timur. However, he encountered Shah Yahya's brother Shah Mansur, who imprisoned him. Shiraz soon fell to Timur. Shah Mansur and 'I ...

See also:

Muzaffarids, Muzaffarids - Rise to Power, Muzaffarids - The Reign of Shah Shuja, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Decline, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Rulers

Read more here: » Muzaffarids: Encyclopedia II - Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Decline

In many ways the Sassanian period (224-633) witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization, and constituted the last great Persian Empire before the Muslim conquest. In fact much of what later became known as Muslim culture, architecture, writing and other skills, were taken mainly from the Persians into the broad Muslim world. The Sassanian Dynasty, like the Achaemenian, originated in the province of Persis (Fars). They saw themselves as successors to the Achaemenians, after the Hellenistic and Parthian interlude, and perc ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Art and science

Historians believe that society was divided into four classes: Priests (Atorbanan in Persian:آتروبانان), Warriors (Arteshtaran in Persian:ارتشتاران), Secretaries (Dabiran in Persian:دبيران), and Commoners (Vasteryoshan-Hootkheshan in Persian: هوتخشان-واستريوشان). At the center of Sassanid caste system w ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids

After The Sassanids came to power in Persia in 226. The second emperor, Shapur I (240-270), extended his authority eastwards into what is today Pakistan and northwestern India and the previously autonomous Kushans were obliged to accept his suzerainty. Successive Sassanid emperors were either tolerant of other religions or pursued policies of persecution, particularly against Christians, but in India the Kushans were generally tolerant of indigenous beliefs. Thanks to traded goods such as silverware and textiles depicting the Sassanid ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India

The backbone of Persian army (Spah) in the Sassanid era was their heavy armoured cavalry. The Clibanarii cavalry of Shapur II is described by Greek historian Ammianus Marcellinus as follows: All the companies were clad in iron, and all parts of their bodies were covered with thick plates, so fitted that the stiff-joints conformed with those of their limbs; and the forms of human faces were so skilfully fitted to their heads, that since their entire body was covered with metal, arrows that fell upon them could lodge only where they ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army

When Nasser-e-Din Shah was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani in 1896, the crown passed to his son Mozzafar-e-din. Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a weak and ineffectual ruler. Royal extravagance and the absence of incoming revenues exacerbated financial problems. The shah quickly spent two large loans from Russia, partly on trips to Europe. Public anger fed on the shah's propensity for granting concessions to Europeans in return for generous payments to him and his officials. People began to demand a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as thei ...

See also:

Qajar dynasty, Qajar dynasty - Origins of the Quvanlu Qajars, Qajar dynasty - The Constitutional Revolution

Read more here: » Qajar dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Qajar dynasty - The Constitutional Revolution

The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, with the capital at Ctesiphon in the Khvarvaran province. The Sassanids system of social stratification reinforced by Zoroastrianism consciously sought to resuscitate Persian traditions and to obliterate Greek cultural influence. Their rule was characterized by considerable centralization, ambitious urban planning, agricultur ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Khosrau I's reforms, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Government

In many ways the Sassanian period (224-633) witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization, and constituted the last great Persian Empire before the Muslim conquest. In fact much of what later became known as Muslim culture, architecture, writing and other skills, were taken mainly from the Persians into the broad Muslim world. According to Will Durant, "Sassanid art fulfilled its mission by spearding artistic forms in India, Turk lands, China, Egypt, Constantinple, the Balkans and Spain. Perhaps its influence also helpe ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Khosrau I's reforms, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Art and science

The backbone of Persian army (Spah) in the Sassanid era was their heavy armoured cavalry. The Clibanarii cavalry of Shapur II is described by Greek historian Ammianus Marcellinus as follows: All the companies were clad in iron, and all parts of their bodies were covered with thick plates, so fitted that the stiff-joints conformed with those of their limbs; and the forms of human faces were so skilfully fitted to their heads, that since their entire body was covered with metal, arrows that fell upon them could lodge only where they ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Khosrau I's reforms, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army

226-241: Reign of Ardashir I 224-226: Overthrow of Parthian Empire. 229-232: War with Rome Zoroastrianism is revived as official religion. The collection of texts known as the Zend Avesta is assembled. 241-271: Reign of Shapur I 241-244: First war with Rome. 258-260: Second war with Rome. Capture of Roman emperor Valerian in Battle of Edessa. 215-271: Mani, founder of Mani ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Khosrau I's reforms, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

Read more here: » Sassanid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology