Vivendi Universal (VU) is a French company active in media and communications with activities in music, television and film, publishing, telecommunications and the Internet. The company disclosed a corporate loss of 23.3 billion euros in its 2002 annual report: the worst loss to this date for a French company. Amid intense media scrutiny, its flamboyant Chairman and CEO, Jean-Marie Messier (who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversific ...

Including:

Vivendi Universal - History
Vivendi Universal - 2001 Vivendi Universal - 2002 Vivendi Universal - 2003 Vivendi Universal - 2004 Vivendi Universal - 2005
Vivendi Universal - Current assets partial list

Read more here: » Vivendi Universal: Encyclopedia - Vivendi Universal

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina

Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763. The English sought to stake out claims in India at the expense of the Portuguese dating back to the era of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1600 Elizabeth incorporated the English East India Company (later the British East India Company), granting it a monopoly of trade from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan. In 1639 it acquired Madras on the east coast of India, where it quickly surpassed Portuguese Goa a ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - The British in India

Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia. In the aftermath of the Second World War, European colonies, controlling more than one billion people throughout the world, still ruled most of the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. However, the image of European preeminence was shattered by the wartime Japanese occupations of large portions of British, French, and Dutch territories in the Pacific. The destabilization of European rule led to the rapid growth of nationalist movements in Asia—especially ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era

Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia. In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of Europeans, many of them Christian missionaries, had sought to penetrate China. The most famous of these travelers was Marco Polo. But these journeys had little permanent effect on East-West trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century, which put an end to further European exploration of Asia. The Yuan dynasty in China, which had been receptive to European ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia

BNP Paribas (Euronext: BNP, TYO: 8665 ) is one of the main banks in Europe and France. It was created 23 May 2000 through the merger of Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) and Paribas. Together with Société Générale and Crédit Lyonnais it is part of the "three old" banks of France. It is part of the CAC 40. Through General Mediterrannean Holdings, Iraqi-born tycoon Nadhmi Auchi is one of its main private shareholder. BNP Paribas - History. BNP was created in 1966 by the merger o ...

Including:

BNP Paribas - History BNP Paribas - Activity
BNP Paribas - Some figures
BNP Paribas - Events in 2005
BNP Paribas - Subsidiaries

Read more here: » BNP Paribas: Encyclopedia - BNP Paribas

For further detail see Portuguese Empire. Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean. In Asia, European powers initially exploited the discoveries of their explorers largely through trade; Europeans started to carry on trade from forts, acting as foreign merchants rather than as settlers. In contrast, early European expansion in the "West Indies," (later known to Europeans as a separate continent from Asia that they would call the "Americas") following the 1492 Northwes ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia

Alstom (formerly GEC-Alsthom) (Euronext: ALO) is a large French company whose businesses are power generation and manufacturing trains (e.g. the TGV and Eurostar) and ships (e.g. the Queen Mary 2). According to the company website, in the year 2001/02 Alstom had annual sales of over €23 billion, and employed more than 118,000 people in over 70 countries. Its headquarters are located i ...

Including:

Alstom - Financial information Alstom - History
Alstom - Alsthom Alstom - GEC Alsthom Alstom - Alstom
Alstom - Products

Read more here: » Alstom: Encyclopedia - Alstom

Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century. Portuguese decline in Asia was accelerated by the attacks on their commercial empire by the Dutch and the English, which began a global struggle over empire in Asia that lasted until the end of the Seven Years War in 1763. The Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule facilitated Dutch encroachment of the Portuguese monopoly over South and East Asian trade. The Dutch looked on Spain's trade and colonies as potential spoils in war. When the two crowns of the Iberian peninsula were j ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental as it is through the lyrics. From the beginning of the form about 1600, there has been contention whether the music is paramount, or the words, a theme that Richard Strauss took up in his final opera, Capriccio (1942). By contrast, in musical theater an actor's dramatic performanc ...

Including:

Opera - History
Opera - Origins Opera - Baroque opera Opera - Bel canto and Italian nationalism Opera - French opera Opera - German-language opera Opera - Other national operas Opera - After Wagner: verismo and modernism Opera - Contemporary trends
Opera - Sociology of opera
Opera - Development of an opera audience Opera - Development of the idea of opera repertory
Opera - Media

Read more here: » Opera: Encyclopedia - Opera

Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries, often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labor, and markets. The term also refers to a set of beliefs used to legitimize or promote this system, especially the belief that the mores of the colonizer are superior to those of the colonized. Advocates of colonialism argue that colonial rule benefits the colonized by developing the economic and political infrastructure necessary for modernization and dem ...

Read more here: » Colonialism: Encyclopedia - Colonialism

Tsarist Russia is often not regarded as a colonial power such as Britain or France because of the manner of Russian expansions: unlike Britain, which expanded overseas, the Russian empire grew from the center outward by a process of accretion. In the 19th century Russian expansion took the form of a struggle of an effectively landlocked country for access to a warm water port. While the British were consolidating their hold on India, Russian expansion had moved steadily eastward to the Pacific, then toward the Middle East, and finally ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game

Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China. During the 18th century merchants from Western Europe came to China in increasing numbers. However, merchants were confined to Canton and the Portuguese colony of Macao, as they had been since the 16th century. European trades were increasingly irritated by what they saw as the relatively high customs duties the Chinese forced them to pay and by the attempts to curb the growing import trade in opium. By 1800 its importation was forbidden by the imperial gove ...

See also:

Imperialism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Asian empires before European contact, Imperialism in Asia - Early European penetration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Medieval European exploration of Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The search for new East-West trade routes, Imperialism in Asia - Oceanic voyages to Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean, Imperialism in Asia - The decline of Portugal's Asian empire since the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Dutch trade and colonization in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century, Imperialism in Asia - Decline of the Dutch in Asia and the rise of Britain, Imperialism in Asia - The British in India, Imperialism in Asia - Portuguese French and British competition in India 1600-1763, Imperialism in Asia - The collapse of Mughal India, Imperialism in Asia - From Company to Crown, Imperialism in Asia - The rise of Indian nationalism, Imperialism in Asia - France in Indochina, Imperialism in Asia - Russia and The Great Game, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China, Imperialism in Asia - Imperialist penetration of China, Imperialism in Asia - Chinese territorial expansion, Imperialism in Asia - U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Imperialism in Asia - World War I: Changes in Imperialism, Imperialism in Asia - Japan, Imperialism in Asia - Postwar era, Imperialism in Asia - Decolonization and the rise of nationalism in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - List of European colonial acquisitions in Asia, Imperialism in Asia - References and further reading

Read more here: » Imperialism in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Imperialism in Asia - Imperialism in China

Up to 1988, France Télécom was known as the Direction Générale des Télécommunications, a division of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It became autonomous in 1990. It ceased to be a state monopoly on January 1, 1998. Its headquarters are in Paris, place Alleray. In 2004 France Télécom is likely to have to pay back €1 billion in alleged unlawful subsidies (in breach of state aid rules) it received from the French government, following an 18-month investigation by Mario Monti, the EC Competition Commissioner. It is understood that both France Télécom and the Fr ...

See also:

France Télécom, France Télécom - History, France Télécom - Subsidiaries

Read more here: » France Télécom: Encyclopedia II - France Télécom - History

Current members of the board of directors of Groupe Danone are: Bruno Bonnell, Richard Goblet d'Alviella, Michel David-Weill, Emmanuel Faber, Jean Laurent, Hirokatsu Hirano, Bernard Hours, Christian Lauble, Hakan Mogren, Jacques Nahmlas, Benoît Potier, Franck Riboud, and Jacques Vincent. In 2004, the annual compensation of these individuals were: Franck Riboud, $2,426,860 Euros, Jacques Vincent, $1,511,140 Euros, ...

See also:

Danone, Danone - Corporate governance

Read more here: » Danone: Encyclopedia II - Danone - Corporate governance

BNP Paribas - Subsidiaries. Banque de Bretagne CETELEM CortalConsors BNP Paribas Lease Group BancWest (Bank of the West & First Hawaiian Bank) BNP Paribas Hong Kong ...

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BNP Paribas, BNP Paribas - History, BNP Paribas - Activity, BNP Paribas - Some figures, BNP Paribas - Events in 2005, BNP Paribas - Subsidiaries

Read more here: » BNP Paribas: Encyclopedia II - BNP Paribas - Events in 2005

The name of the company derives from the French region of Alsace and the surname of the engineer Elihu Thomson. The company always writes it in capitals, ALSTOM, even though it is not an acronym. Alstom - Alsthom. It was formed in 1928 from three companies: Alsacienne Société, Compagnie Générale d'Electricité and Thomson Houston. Alstom - GEC Alsthom. It was formed in 1988 from the heavy engineering interests of Britain's GEC and Compagnie Générale d'Electricité's (CGE) Alsthom division as GEC Alsthom. In 1991 CGE adopted the name Alcatel Alsthom and i ...

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Alstom, Alstom - Financial information, Alstom - History, Alstom - Alsthom, Alstom - GEC Alsthom, Alstom - Alstom, Alstom - Products

Read more here: » Alstom: Encyclopedia II - Alstom - History

Although the Peugeot factory had been in the manufacturing business for some time, their entry into the world of wheeled vehicles was by means of the bicycle. Armand Peugeot (educated at the Ecole Centrale Paris) introduced the Peugeot "Le Grand Bi" penny-farthing in 1882 and a range of bicycles thereafter. Indeed, Peugeot bicycles have been built until very recently, although the car company and bike company parted ways in 1926. Armand Peugeot became very interested in the automobile early on, and after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler ...

See also:

Peugeot, Peugeot - Company History, Peugeot - Motor Sport, Peugeot - Peugeot Model Numbers, Peugeot - Other Products, Peugeot - Pronunciation, Peugeot - Vehicle models, Peugeot - Numbers, Peugeot - Others

Read more here: » Peugeot: Encyclopedia II - Peugeot - Company History

SNCF operates almost all of France's railway system, including the TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, literally "high-speed train") and some segments of the RER. In the past, SNCF owned not only the trains, but also the tracks, but this has changed due to new European Union regulations. Starting from 1997, the tracks belong to a separate government establishment, the Réseau Ferré de France. ...

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SNCF, SNCF - Scope of business, SNCF - History, SNCF - Codeshare with airlines, SNCF - Environment

Read more here: » SNCF: Encyclopedia II - SNCF - Scope of business

SNCF operates almost all of France's railway system, including the TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, literally "high-speed train") and some segments of the RER. In the past, SNCF owned not only the trains, but also the tracks, but this has changed due to new European Union regulations. Starting from 1997, the tracks belong to a separate government establishment, the Réseau Ferré de France; the change was intended to open the market to independent train operating ...

See also:

SNCF, SNCF - Scope of business, SNCF - History, SNCF - Codeshare with airlines, SNCF - Environment

Read more here: » SNCF: Encyclopedia II - SNCF - Scope of business