List of Europe-related topics

List of Europe-related topics - Other. Crimea England European microstates Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Kaliningrad Oblast Kosovo Montenegro Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Ireland Scotland Serbia Svalbard Vojvodina Wales List of Europe-related topics - Former States. Kingdom of Aragon < ...

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List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

Read more here: » List of Europe-related topics: Encyclopedia II - List of Europe-related topics - States

Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The bones of first Europeans are found in Dmanisi, Georgia, dated 2,000,000 BC. The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 7th millennium BC in Bulgaria, Romania and Greece. The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BC. There is no prehistoric culture t ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The origins

Politics of Europe - Belgium. One of Belgium’s parties, the Vlaams Belang, a Flemish equivalent of the French National Front, wants Flanders, the northern part of Belgium, to become independent. Other Flemish parties plead for more regional autonomy. The autonomous Belgian region of Wallonia has a movement wanting to leave the Belgian state and join with France. Politics of Europe - Denmark. The Danish territories of Greenland and Faroe Islands have very strong independence movements. Politics of Europe - FinlandSee also:

Politics of Europe, Politics of Europe - Modern political climate, Politics of Europe - International alliances, Politics of Europe - European Union, Politics of Europe - Commonwealth of Independent States, Politics of Europe - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Politics of Europe - Independence movements, Politics of Europe - Belgium, Politics of Europe - Denmark, Politics of Europe - Finland, Politics of Europe - France, Politics of Europe - Georgia, Politics of Europe - Germany, Politics of Europe - Italy, Politics of Europe - Moldova, Politics of Europe - Norway, Politics of Europe - Russia, Politics of Europe - Serbia and Montenegro, Politics of Europe - Spain, Politics of Europe - Sweden, Politics of Europe - Ukraine, Politics of Europe - United Kingdom, Politics of Europe - Politics by country, Politics of Europe - Foreign relations by country

Read more here: » Politics of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Europe - Independence movements

Main article: Geology of Europe The Geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. ...

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Geography of Europe, Geography of Europe - Geology, Geography of Europe - Rivers, Geography of Europe - Lakes and inland seas, Geography of Europe - Major islands, Geography of Europe - Plains and lowlands, Geography of Europe - Mountain ranges, Geography of Europe - Geography by country

Read more here: » Geography of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Europe - Geology

European states are members of a large number of international organisations, mainly economical, although several are political, or both. The main political unions are detailed below. Politics of Europe - European Union. The European Union or EU is a supranational union of 25 European states. It has many activities, the most important being a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency (adopted by 12 out of 25 member states), a Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy. The European Union also has vario ...

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Politics of Europe, Politics of Europe - Modern political climate, Politics of Europe - International alliances, Politics of Europe - European Union, Politics of Europe - Commonwealth of Independent States, Politics of Europe - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Politics of Europe - Independence movements, Politics of Europe - Belgium, Politics of Europe - Denmark, Politics of Europe - Finland, Politics of Europe - France, Politics of Europe - Georgia, Politics of Europe - Germany, Politics of Europe - Italy, Politics of Europe - Moldova, Politics of Europe - Norway, Politics of Europe - Russia, Politics of Europe - Serbia and Montenegro, Politics of Europe - Spain, Politics of Europe - Sweden, Politics of Europe - Ukraine, Politics of Europe - United Kingdom, Politics of Europe - Politics by country, Politics of Europe - Foreign relations by country

Read more here: » Politics of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Europe - International alliances

The numerous wars did not prevent the new states from exploring and conquering wide portions of the world, particularly in Asia (Siberia) and in the newly-discovered America. In the 15th century, Portugal led the way in geographical exploration, followed by Spain in early 16th century, were the first states to set up colonies in South America and trade stations on the shores of Africa and Asia, but they were soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands. In 1552 Russian tsar Ioann IV the Terrible conquered Kazan and the Yermak's vo ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Colonial expansion

Main article: List of mountain ranges of Europe Some of Europe's major mountain ranges are: Ural Mountains, which separate Europe and Asia Caucasus Mountains, which also separate Europe and Asia, and is the namesake of the Caucasian race, not to be confused with Caucasian peoples Carpathian Mountains, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe Alps, the famous mountains known for their spectacular slopes Apennines, which run through Italy Pyrenees, the natural ...

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Geography of Europe, Geography of Europe - Geology, Geography of Europe - Rivers, Geography of Europe - Lakes and inland seas, Geography of Europe - Major islands, Geography of Europe - Plains and lowlands, Geography of Europe - Mountain ranges, Geography of Europe - Geography by country

Read more here: » Geography of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Europe - Mountain ranges

In the 15th century, at the end of the Middle Ages, powerful states were appearing, built by the New Monarchs who were centralizing power in France, England, and Spain. On the other hand the Parliament in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth grew in power, taking legislative rights from the Polish king. Contrariwise, the Church was losing much of its power because of corruption, internal conflicts, and the spread of culture leading to the artistic, philosophical, ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation

Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy, leading to the economic and cultural growth of independent city states such as Venice and Florence; at the same time, nation-states began to take form in places such as France, England, Spain, and Portugal, although the process of their formation (usually marked by rivalry between the monarchy, the aristocratic feudal lords and the church) actually took several centuries. (See Reconquista for the latter two countr ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Later Middle Ages

Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the south by the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Caucasus. Europe's boundary to the east is vague, but has traditionally been given as the Ural Mountains and Caspian Se ...

Including:

• Europe - Etymology
• Europe - History
• Europe - Geography and extent
• Europe - Physical features
• Europe - Biodiversity
• Europe - Demographics
• Europe - Territories and divisions
• Europe - Political divisions
• Europe - Linguistic and cultural regions
• Europe - Lists and tables

Read more here: » Europe: Encyclopedia - Europe

Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies' inability to unite: the only real challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician colony of Carthage, but its defeat in the end of the 3rd century BC marked the start of Roman hegemony. First governed by kings, then as a senatorial republic (the Roman Republic), Rome finally became an empire at the end of the 1st century BC, under Augustus and his authoritarian successors. The Roman Empire had its centre in ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Rome

Western Europe emerged as the site of a distinct civilization after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, as barbarian invasions separated it from the rest of the Mediterranean, where the Eastern Roman Empire (a.k.a. Byzantine Empire) survived for another millennium. In the 7th century the Arab expansion brought Islamic cultures to the southern Mediterranean shores (from Turkey to Sicily and Spain), further enlarging the differences between the various Mediterranean civilizations. Huge amounts of technology and learning we ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Middle Ages

Main article: List of rivers of Europe Important rivers of Europe with approximate length: Volga 3,690 km Danube 2,860 km Ural 2,428 km Dnieper 2,290 km Don 1,950 km Pechora 1,809 km Kama 1,805 km Oka 1,500 km Belaya 1,430 km Dniester 1,352 km Rhine 1,320 km Elbe 1,165 km Vistula 1,047 km < ...

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Geography of Europe, Geography of Europe - Geology, Geography of Europe - Rivers, Geography of Europe - Lakes and inland seas, Geography of Europe - Major islands, Geography of Europe - Plains and lowlands, Geography of Europe - Mountain ranges, Geography of Europe - Geography by country

Read more here: » Geography of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Europe - Rivers

Several issues dominate modern European politics. Despite vastly improved relations between Russia and the Western European states since the end of the cold war, recently tensions have risen over the spread of 'Western' organisations, particuarly the EU and NATO, eastwards into former USSR states. Most European states have either joined, or stated their ambition to join, the European Union. This has led to governments overhauling corrupt and overly-beauracratic systems in order to bring themselves in line with membership criteria. This in turn has led to improv ...

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Politics of Europe, Politics of Europe - Modern political climate, Politics of Europe - International alliances, Politics of Europe - European Union, Politics of Europe - Commonwealth of Independent States, Politics of Europe - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Politics of Europe - Independence movements, Politics of Europe - Belgium, Politics of Europe - Denmark, Politics of Europe - Finland, Politics of Europe - France, Politics of Europe - Georgia, Politics of Europe - Germany, Politics of Europe - Italy, Politics of Europe - Moldova, Politics of Europe - Norway, Politics of Europe - Russia, Politics of Europe - Serbia and Montenegro, Politics of Europe - Spain, Politics of Europe - Sweden, Politics of Europe - Ukraine, Politics of Europe - United Kingdom, Politics of Europe - Politics by country, Politics of Europe - Foreign relations by country

Read more here: » Politics of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Europe - Modern political climate

The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe. It was held in Vienna from 1 October 1814, to 9 June 1815. The discussions continued despite Napoleon's return and the Congress's Final Act was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo. The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Congress of Vienna

Main article: French Revolution By the late 18th century France's finances were in disarray. Lavish royal expenditure and costly wars, such as the French intervention in the American war of Independence, had bankrupted the state. After repeated failed attempts at financial reform, Louis XVI was persuaded to convene the Estates-General, a representative body of the country made up of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The members of the Estates-General assembled in Versaille in May 1789, but the debate a ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The French Revolution

The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientation, but some states were torn apart internally by religious strife, avidly fostered by their external enemies. France suffered this fate in the 16th century in the series of conflicts known as the French Wars of Religion, which ended in the triumph of the Bourbon Dynasty. England avoided this fate for a while and settled down under Elizabeth to a moderate Anglicanism. Germany, divided into numerous small sta ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century

After the defeat of revolutionary France, the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789. However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of democracy of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by Socialist, Communist and Anarchistic ideas (especially those summarized by Karl Marx in the Manifesto of the Communist Par ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The 19th century

Main article: English Civil War The first and foremost cause of the War was religion. When Charles became King in 1625 his Arminian style of Anglicanism and French Catholic wife seemed to herald a slide back toward Catholicism and popery. Additionally, he did not get along with Parliament, and unproductive sessions in the 1620s resulted in the closure of Parliament for 11 years. However, following the Scottish invasion in 1640 Charles was forced to call Parliament to raise money for an army. Parliament was furious and wanted it ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland

After the relative peace of most of the 19th Century, the rivalry between European powers exploded in 1914, when World War I started. On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (the Central Powers/Triple Alliance), while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente - the loose coalition of France, the United Kingdom and Russia, which were joined by Italy in 1915 and by the United States in 1917. Despite the defeat of Russia in 1917 (the war was one of the major causes of the Russian Revolution, leading to the formation of the communist So ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars