Encyclopedia - Applied Ethics: Encyclopedia - Applied Ethics
Applied ethics takes a theory of ethics, such as utilitarianism, social contract theory, or deontology, and applies its major principles ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Philosophy - Historical Texts
List of publications in philosophy - Western philosophy. Plato, Charmides Plato, Lysis Plato, Laches Plato, Protagoras Plato, Euthyde...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Philosophy - Twentieth-century Philosophy
Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy [ A ] G.E. Moore, "A Defence of Common Sense" [ A ] Edmund Gettier, "Is Justified True Bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia - Business Ethics
Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context; the various moral or ...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhist Philosophy
Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC). Buddhist philos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ignorance: Encyclopedia - Ignorance
Ignorance is a lack of knowledge, or a willful lack of desire to improve the efficiency, merit, effectiveness or usefulness of one's acti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Leslie Stevenson: Encyclopedia - Charles Leslie Stevenson
Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908-1979) was an American philosopher primarily concerned with ethics, philosophy of language, and meaning. He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conservation Ethic: Encyclopedia - Conservation Ethic
The Conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subject Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Subject Philosophy
In philosophy, a subject is a being which has subjective experiences or a relationship with another entity (or "object"). A subject is an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civics: Encyclopedia - Civics
Civics is the science of comparative government and means of administering public trusts - the theory of governance as applied to state i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business: Encyclopedia - Business
Business refers to at least three closely related commercial topics. The first is a commercial, professional or industrial organization o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lust: Encyclopedia - Lust
Lust is a term for an intense desire or craving, usually sexual although it is also common usage to talk of a "lust for life" or a "lust ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Metaphysics
Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy
Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC). Buddhist philos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics
Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Humanism: Encyclopedia - Humanism
Humanism is a broad category of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on our ability to dete...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Ethics Officers
Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business conduct officers") have been appointed formally by organizations since the mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Religious Views On Business Ethics
Many faiths have extensive literature and legal code on the accumulation and use of wealth; and many businesses rely on these ethical gui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Related Disciplines
Business ethics aren't identical to the philosophy of business, the branch of philosophy that deals with the philosophical, political, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Corporate Ethics Policies
Many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. These policies can be simple exhortation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Ethical Issues And Approaches
Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business in society. For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a bu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Overview Of Issues In Business Ethics
Business ethics - General business ethics. This part of business ethics overlaps with the philosophy of business, one of the aims of w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Related Disciplines
Business ethics should be distinguished from the philosophy of business, the branch of philosophy that deals with the philosophical, poli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Business Ethics In The Field
Business ethics - Corporate ethics policies. Many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of empl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Religious Views On Business Ethics
Many faiths have extensive literature and legal code on the accumulation and use of wealth; and many businesses rely on these ethical gui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Theoretical Issues In Business Ethics
Business ethics - Conflicting interests. Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the em...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Journalism Ethics And Standards: Encyclopedia Ii - Journalism Ethics And Standards - Self-regulation
In addition to codes of ethics, many news organizations maintain an in-house Ombudsman whose role is, in part, to keep news organizations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Journalism Ethics And Standards: Encyclopedia Ii - Journalism Ethics And Standards - Codes Of Practice
While journalists in the United States and European countries have led in formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Journalism Ethics And Standards: Encyclopedia Ii - Journalism Ethics And Standards - Common Elements
The primary themes common to most codes of journalistic standards and ethics are the following. Journalism ethics and standards - Object...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Journalism Ethics And Standards: Encyclopedia Ii - Journalism Ethics And Standards - Evolution And Purpose Of Codes Of Journalism
The principles of good journalism are directed toward bringing the highest quality of news reporting to the public, thus fulfilling the m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conservation Ethic: Encyclopedia Ii - Conservation Ethic - History Of Biological Conservation
The origins of biological conservation can be traced to philosophical and religious beliefs about Man as a full part of Nature: Taoist an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Journalism Ethics And Standards: Encyclopedia Ii - Journalism Ethics And Standards - Ethics And Standards In Practice
See main articles: journalism scandals, media bias, and yellow journalism As with other ethical codes, there is perennial concern that th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subject Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Subject Philosophy - Ethical Subjectivism
Ethical subjectivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences reduce to factual statements about the attitudes and/or conventions ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conservation Ethic: Encyclopedia Ii - Conservation Ethic - Introduction
To conserve habitat in terrestrial ecoregions and stop deforestation is a goal widely shared by many groups with a wide variety of motiva...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conservation Ethic: Encyclopedia Ii - Conservation Ethic - Usage Of Term
In common usage, the term refers to the activity of systematically protecting natural resources such as forests, including biological div...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conservation Ethic: Encyclopedia Ii - Conservation Ethic - History Of Biological Conservation
The origins of biological conservation can be traced to philosophical and religious beliefs about Man as a full part of Nature: The Torah...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subject Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Subject Philosophy - Subjectivism In Probability
In probability, a subjectivism stands for the view that probabilities are simply degrees-of-belief by rational agents in a certain propos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subject Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Subject Philosophy - Metaphysical Subjectivism
Metaphysical subjectivism is the theory that perception creates reality, and that there is no underlying, true reality that exists indepe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics - Basic Philosophical Concepts
A priori -- A posteriori -- abduction -- absolute -- Aesthetics -- Age of Enlightenment -- Agnosticism -- Altruism -- Ambiguity -- Americ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civics: Encyclopedia Ii - Civics - Civic Theory
Most civic theories are more trusting of public institutions, and can be characterized on a scale from least (mob rule) to most (the tota...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Reference Tables: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Reference Tables - Philosophy And Religion
List of reference tables - Philosophy. List of philosophical lists List of basic philosophical topics List of ethics topics Glossar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business: Encyclopedia Ii - Business - Types Of Businesses
There are many types of businesses, and, as a result, businesses can be classified in many ways. One of the most common focuses on the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ponzi Scheme: Encyclopedia Ii - Ponzi Scheme - Hypothetical Scenario
An advertisement is placed promising extraordinary returns on an investment – for example 20% for a 30 day contract. The precise mechan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Development Of Economic Thought
Main article: History of economic thought. The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by influential "neoclassical" econom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Development Of Economic Thought
Main article: History of economic thought. The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by influential "neoclassical" econom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Genetic Engineering - Applications
One of the best known applications of genetic engineering is that of the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There are pot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Genetic Engineering - Applications
One of the best known applications of genetic engineering is that of the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There are pot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Genetic Engineering - Ethics
Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is safe, and that it is necessary in order to maintain food production that w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Genetic Engineering - Ethics
Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is safe, and that it is necessary in order to maintain food production that w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ponzi Scheme: Encyclopedia Ii - Ponzi Scheme - Are National Retirement Programs Ponzi Schemes?
Some have argued that many national social security systems, such as the Social Security system in the United States and the National ins...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economics And Other Disciplines
There is some tension between economics and theories of ethics, historically a branch of philosophy, which emphasizes how people ought to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economics And Other Disciplines
There is some tension between economics and theories of ethics, historically a branch of philosophy, which emphasizes how people ought to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Schools Of Economic Thought
There have been different and competing schools of economic thought pertaining to capitalism from the late 18th century to the early day....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Definitions Of Economics
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Areas Of Study In Economics
Economics is usually divided into two main branches: Microeconomics, which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Language And Reasoning
Economics relies on rigorous styles of argument. Economic methodology has several interacting parts: Collection of economic data. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Definitions Of Economics
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Areas Of Study In Economics
Economics is usually divided into two main branches: Microeconomics, which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Language And Reasoning
Economics relies on rigorous styles of argument. Economic methodology has several interacting parts: Collection of economic data. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Schools Of Economic Thought
There have been different and competing schools of economic thought pertaining to capitalism from the late 18th century to the early day....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Assumptions
Economics - Supply and demand. Main article: Supply and demand. In microeconomic theory supply and demand attempts to describe, explain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Assumptions
Economics - Supply and demand. Main article: Supply and demand. In microeconomic theory supply and demand attempts to describe, explain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lust: Encyclopedia Ii - Lust - Derivation
The word derives from the Old English term for desire, and ultimately from the German word of the same spelling. Obsolete uses include lu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - News Propaganda: Encyclopedia Ii - News Propaganda - United States
News propaganda - Government produced news. In the United States, according to a report by The New York Times David Barstow, the George...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Historical Background
At one time, people deposited their precious metal coins at goldsmiths, receiving in turn a note for their deposit. As these notes began ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Risk
Fractional-reserve banking allows for the possibility of a bank run in which the demand depositors and note holders collectively attempt ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Pro Gold-coin-standard Criticisms Of Fractional-reserve Banking
Many critics of irredeemable fiat money see fractional-reserve banking as a threat to the gold-coin standard, through fractional-reserve ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Historical Background
At one time, people deposited their precious metal coins at goldsmiths, receiving in turn a note for their deposit. As these notes began ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Pro-gold Standard Criticisms Of Fractional-reserve Banking
Many critics of irredeemable fiat currency see fractional-reserve banking as a threat to the gold standard, through fractional-reserve ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Fractional-reserve Banking And Central Banking
Central Banks are government owned and/or sponsored banks that issue notes and typically receive special privileges in the form of exempt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Money Creation
When banks issue notes and accept demand deposits, the bank's liabilities can be used as a means of payment to buy goods and services, fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Government Controls On Fractional-reserve Banking
Banking has been subject to generally a greater extent of government regulation and controls than other forms of business, and banking la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Fractional-reserve Banking And Central Banking
Central banks are government owned and/or sponsored banks that issue notes and typically receive special privileges in the form of exempt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Risk
Fractional-reserve banking allows for the possibility of a bank run in which the demand depositors and note holders collectively attempt ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Money Creation
When banks issue notes and accept demand deposits, the bank's liabilities can be used as a means of payment to buy goods and services, fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fractional-reserve Banking: Encyclopedia Ii - Fractional-reserve Banking - Government Controls On Fractional-reserve Banking
Banking has been subject to generally a greater extent of government regulation and controls than other forms of business, and banking la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Metaphysics - The Origin Of The Word 'metaphysics'
The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle produced a number of works which together were called the Physics. In an early edition, the works...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Metaphysics - Criticism
Metaphysics has been attacked, at different times in history, as being futile and overly vague. Lord Byron often mocked the subject in hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Philosophy - Historical Development Of Buddhist Philosophy
Buddhist philosophy - Early development. The philosophical outlook of Earliest Buddhism was primarily negative, in the sense that it fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Philosophy - Introduction
Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic From its inception, Bud...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Philosophy - Philosophical Areas Addressed In Buddhism
Buddhist philosophy - Epistemology. Decisive in distinguishing Buddhism from what is commonly called Hinduism is the issue of epistemol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Criticisms
Many doubt whether a cardinal utility function (or cardinal social welfare function) is of any value. How do you aggregate the utilities ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Two Approaches
There are two approaches that can be taken to welfare economics: the Neo-classical approach and the New welfare economics approach. The N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Welfare Economics In Relation To Other Subjects
Welfare economics uses many of the same techniques as microeconomics and can be seen as intermediate or advanced microeconomic theory. It...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Metaphysics - Examples
It is sometimes difficult to understand what the issues even are in metaphysics. It might help to begin with a fairly simple example that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - A Simplified Seven Equation Model
The basic welfare economics problem is to find the theoretical maximum of a social welfare function, subject to various constraints such ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Efficiency Between Production And Consumption
The relation between production and consumption in a simple seven equation model (2x2x2 model) can be shown graphicly. In the diagram bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Social Welfare Maximization
Utility functions can be derived from the points on a contract curve. Numerous utility functions can be derived, one for each point on th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Efficiency
One important measure of efficiency in welfare economics was Abba Lerner's proposed distributive efficiency. Situations are considered to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Income Distribution
There are many combinations of consumer utility, production mixes, and factor input combinations consistent with efficiency. In fact, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Genetic Engineering - Considerations
Human genetic engineering - Interference from laws and politics. Due to tough regulatory laws, research in this field have been stifled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Biodiversity Management: Conservation Preservation And Protection
The conservation of biological diversity has become a global concern. Although not everybody agrees on extent and significance of current...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Biodiversity Management: Conservation, Preservation And Protection
The conservation of biological diversity has become a global concern. Although not everybody agrees on extent and significance of current...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Biodiversity Management: Conservation Preservation And Protection
The conservation of biological diversity has become a global concern. Although not everybody agrees on extent and significance of current...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Etymology
Biodiversity is a neologism and a portmanteau word, from bio and diversity. The term biological diversity was coined by Thomas Lovejoy in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Biodiversity And Size Bias
Biodiversity researcher Sean Nee, writing in the 24 June 2004 edition of Nature, points out that the vast majority of Earth's biodiversit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Biodiversity And Size Bias
Biodiversity researcher Sean Nee, writing in the 24 June 2004 edition of Nature, points out that the vast majority of Earth's biodiversit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Etymology
Biodiversity is a neologism and a portmanteau word, from bio and diversity. The term biological diversity was coined by Thomas Lovejoy in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Distribution Of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on earth. It is consistently richer in the tropics. As one approaches polar regions one finds larg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiversity - Measurement Of Biodiversity
No single objective measure of biodiversity is possible, only measures relating to particular purposes or applications. For practical con...   » Read the article