List of cryptographers

Cryptography List of cryptographers - Pre-computer. Charles Babbage, UK, 19th century mathematician who, about the time of the Crimean War, secretly developed an effective attack against polyalphabetic substitution ciphers. His development was published independently a few years later by Friedrich Kasiski, a Prussian officer. Babbage also designed, and had partially built, the first programmable digital computer, the Analytical Engine. He first designed and had partially bui ...

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• List of cryptographers - Pre-19th century
• List of cryptographers - Pre-computer
• List of cryptographers - Modern
• List of cryptographers - External link

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Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. It is usually thought of as part of an institutional effort (i.e., governmental or corporate intelligence). The definition has been restricted to a state spying on potential or actual enemies, primarily for military purposes, but this has been extended to spying involving corporations, known specifically as industrial espionage. Many nations routinely spy on both their enemies, and allies, although they ...

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• Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage
• Espionage - Spies in various conflicts
• Espionage - Espionage organizations
• Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques
• Espionage - Spy fiction
• Espionage - Reference
• Espionage - Surveys
• Espionage - World War I
• Espionage - World War II: 1931-1945
• Espionage - Cold War Era: 1945-1991

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First, Rejewski tackled the problem of finding the wiring of the rotors. To do this, he pioneered the use of pure mathematics in cryptanalysis. Previous methods had largely exploited linguistic patterns and the statistics of natural-language texts — letter-frequency analysis. Rejewski, however, applied techniques from group theory — theorems about permutations — in his attack on Enigma. These mathematical techniques, combined with material supplied by French military intelligence, enabled him to reconstruct the internal wirings of the ...

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Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

Read more here: » Marian Rejewski: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring

Since not much is publicly known about real-life secret agents, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Similar to the character of the private eye, the secret agent is usually a loner, sometimes amoral, an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is probably the most famous fictional secret agent of all. Another is the ...

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Espionage, Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage, Espionage - Spies in various conflicts, Espionage - Espionage organizations, Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques, Espionage - Spy fiction

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Kasiski enlisted in East Prussia's 33rd Infantry Regiment on 20 March 1823 at the age of 17. In May 1824, he was promoted to the rank of Master Sergeant, and eight months later was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in February 1825. It took fourteen years to earn his next promotion, when, in May 1839, he advanced to the rank of First Lieutenant. His next advancement was quicker, promoted to Captain in November 1842. Kasiski finally retired from active service with the rank of Major on 17 February 1852. Between 1860 and 18 ...

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Friedrich Kasiski, Friedrich Kasiski - Military service, Friedrich Kasiski - Cryptography

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Espionage - Surveys. Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (1996) Black, Ian. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services (1992) Bungert, Heike et al eds. Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (2003) essays by scholars Friedman, George. America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies (200 ...

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Espionage, Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage, Espionage - Spies in various conflicts, Espionage - Espionage organizations, Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques, Espionage - Spy fiction, Espionage - Reference, Espionage - Surveys, Espionage - World War I, Espionage - World War II: 1931-1945, Espionage - Cold War Era: 1945-1991

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Since not much is publicly known about real-life secret agents, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Similar to the character of the private eye, the secret agent is usually a loner, sometimes amoral, an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is probably the most famous fictional secret agent of all. Another is the ...

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Espionage, Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage, Espionage - Spies in various conflicts, Espionage - Espionage organizations, Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques, Espionage - Spy fiction, Espionage - External link

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On November 21, 1946, Rejewski, having been discharged from the Polish Army in Britain, returned to Poland to reunite with his wife, Irena Lewandowska (whom Rejewski had married in 1934), and their two children, Andrzej (Andrew) and Janina (daughter born 1939, who would follow in her father's footsteps to become a mathematician). For his military service, Rejewski was decorated with the Gold Cross of Merit, the Silver Cross of Merit with Swords, and the Army Medal. One option now open to Rejewski was to resume teaching mathematics at a unive ...

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Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

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After Rejewski had determined the wiring in the remaining rotors, he was joined in early 1933 by Różycki and Zygalski in devising methods and equipment to break Enigma ciphers routinely(Note 6). Rejewski later recalled: Now we had the machine, but we didn't have the keys and we couldn't very well require Bertrand to keep on supplying us with the keys every month ... The situation had reversed itself: before, we'd had the keys but we hadn't had the machine — we solved the machine; now we had the machine but we didn't hav ...

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Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

Read more here: » Marian Rejewski: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings

Cryptography is the field concerned with linguistic and mathematical techniques for securing information, particularly in communications. Historically, cryptography was concerned solely with encryption; that is, means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge. Encryption was used primarily to ensure secrecy in important communications, such as those of spies, military leaders, and diplomats. In recent decades, however, the fie ...

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• Cryptography - Terminology
• Cryptography - Cryptanalysis
• Cryptography - History of cryptography
• Cryptography - Secure communications
• Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography
• Cryptography - Public key cryptography
• Cryptography - Other topics

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Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno. In September 1939 after the outbreak of World War II, Rejewski and his fellow Cipher Bureau workers were evacuated from Poland to Romania. Rejewski, together with Zygalski and Różycki, managed to avoid being interned in a refugee camp and made their way to Bucharest, where they contacted the French embassy. Having mentioned Bertrand's code name to an embassy official, they were rapidly e ...

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Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

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In 1863, Kasiski published a 95-page book on cryptography, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrierkunst (German, "Secret writing and the Art of Deciphering"). This was the first published account of a procedure for attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, especially the Vigenère cipher (although it is possible Charles Babbage was already aware of a similar method but had kept it secret). The method relied on the analysis of gaps between repeated fragments in the ciphertext; such analysis can give hints as to the length of the key use ...

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Friedrich Kasiski, Friedrich Kasiski - Military service, Friedrich Kasiski - Cryptography

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In October 1932 while work on the Naval code was still underway, Rejewski was set to work, alone and in secret, on the output of the new standard German cipher machine, the Enigma I, which was coming into widespread use. While the Cipher Bureau had, by later report, succeeded in solving an earlier, plugboard-less Enigma(Note 3), it had had no success with the Enigma I^{See also:}

Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

Read more here: » Marian Rejewski: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine

Since not much is publicly known about real-life secret agents, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Similar to the character of the private eye, the secret agent is usually a loner, sometimes amoral, an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is probably the most famous fictional secret agent of all. Another is the ...

See also:

Espionage, Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage, Espionage - Spies in various conflicts, Espionage - Espionage organizations, Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques, Espionage - Spy fiction, Espionage - Reference, Espionage - Surveys, Espionage - World War I, Espionage - World War II: 1931-1945, Espionage - Cold War Era: 1945-1991

Read more here: » Espionage: Encyclopedia II - Espionage - Spy fiction

Marian Rejewski was born August 16, 1905, in Bydgoszcz(Note 2). His parents were Józef, a cigar merchant, and Matylda, née Thoms. He attended a German-speaking Königliches Gymnasium zu Bromberg (Royal Grammar School in Bydgoszcz) and completed high school with his matura in 1923. Rejewski then studied mathematics at Poznań University, graduating on March 1, 1929. In early 1929, shortly before he graduated, Rejewski started attending a secret cryptology course organized for selected German-speaking m ...

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Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

Read more here: » Marian Rejewski: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau

Topics in cryptography - Standards organizations. the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related, ongoing) the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) I ...

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Topics in cryptography, Topics in cryptography - Classical ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Famous ciphertexts, Topics in cryptography - Attacks on classical ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Modern algorithms methods evaluation and selection projects, Topics in cryptography - Standards organizations, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographic organizations, Topics in cryptography - Open efforts, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographic hash functions message digest algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Public key / private key encryption algorithms aka asymmetric key algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Public key / private key signature algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Key authentication, Topics in cryptography - Anonymous identification scheme, Topics in cryptography - Secret key algorithms aka symmetric key algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Classified cryptography U.S., Topics in cryptography - Breaking ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Weak keys and password-based cryptography, Topics in cryptography - Key transport/exchange, Topics in cryptography - Pseudo- and true random number generators, Topics in cryptography - Anonymous communication, Topics in cryptography - Legal issues, Topics in cryptography - Terminology, Topics in cryptography - Books and publications, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographers, Topics in cryptography - Uses of cryptographic techniques, Topics in cryptography - Miscellaneous, Topics in cryptography - Free / open-source cryptosystems ie algorithms + protocols + system design

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The study of how to circumvent the use of cryptography is called cryptanalysis, or codebreaking. Cryptography and cryptanalysis are sometimes grouped together under the umbrella term cryptology, encompassing the entire subject. In practice, the term cryptography (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and gráphein, "to write") is often used to refer to the field as a whole; crypto is an informal abbreviation. The first recorded usage of the word 'cryptography' occurs in Sir Thomas Browne's Discourse of 1658 entitled The Garden of Cyrus: "the strange Cryptography of G ...

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Cryptography, Cryptography - Terminology, Cryptography - Cryptanalysis, Cryptography - History of cryptography, Cryptography - Secure communications, Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography, Cryptography - Public key cryptography, Cryptography - Other topics

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See also: Topics in cryptography The security of all practical encryption schemes remains unproven, both for symmetric and asymmetric schemes. For symmetric ciphers, confidence gained in an algorithm is usually anecdotal — e.g. no successful attack has been reported on an algorithm for several years despite intensive analysis. Such a cipher might also have provable security against a limited class of attacks. For asymmetric schemes, it is common to rely on the difficulty of the associated mathematical problem, but this, too, ...

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Cryptography, Cryptography - Terminology, Cryptography - Cryptanalysis, Cryptography - History of cryptography, Cryptography - Secure communications, Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography, Cryptography - Public key cryptography, Cryptography - Other topics

Read more here: » Cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Cryptography - Other topics

See also: Topics in cryptography The security of all practical encryption schemes remains unproven, both for symmetric and asymmetric schemes. For symmetric ciphers, confidence gained in an algorithm is usually anecdotal — e.g. no successful attack has been reported on an algorithm for several years despite intensive analysis. Such a cipher might also have provable security against a limited class of attacks. For asymmetric schemes, it is common to rely on the difficulty of the associated mathematical pr ...

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Cryptography, Cryptography - Terminology, Cryptography - Cryptanalysis, Cryptography - History of cryptography, Cryptography - Secure communications, Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography, Cryptography - Public key cryptography, Cryptography - Other topics

Read more here: » Cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Cryptography - Other topics

Main article: Symmetric key algorithm Symmetric key ciphers either use the same key for encryption and decryption, or the key used for decryption is easily calculated from the key used for encryption. Other terms include secret-key, private-key, one-key and single-key cryptography. Symmetric key ciphers can be broadly grouped into block ciphers and stream ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt one bit at a time, in contrast to a block cipher, which operates on a group of bits (a "block") of a certain ...

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Cryptography, Cryptography - Terminology, Cryptography - Cryptanalysis, Cryptography - History of cryptography, Cryptography - Secure communications, Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography, Cryptography - Public key cryptography, Cryptography - Other topics

Read more here: » Cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography