List of anthropologists

See Anthropology. A list of notable anthropologists. Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z List of anthropologists - A. John Adair Timothy Asch List of anthropologists - B. Nigel Barley Fredrik Barth Vasily Bartold Keith H. Basso Ruth Behar Ruth Benedict Theodore C. Bestor Wilhelm Bleek Franz Boas Per ...

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Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. A primary trait that traditionally distinguished anthropology from other humanistic disciplines is an emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons. This distinction has, however, become increasingly the subject of controversy and debate, with anthropological methods now bein ...

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• Anthropology - Historical and institutional context
• Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S.
• Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain
• Anthropology - Anthropology in France
• Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two
• Anthropology - Politics of anthropology
• Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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Crow kinship is a kinship system used to define family. Identified by Louis Henry Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Crow system is one of the six major kinship systems (Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese). Crow kinship - Kinship system. The system is somewhat similar to the Iroquois system, but further distinguishes between the mother's side and the father's side. Relatives on the mother's side of the family have ...

Including:

• Crow kinship - Kinship system
• Crow kinship - Usage

Read more here: » Crow kinship: Encyclopedia - Crow kinship

Within common typologies, the Hawaiian system is the simplest classificatory system of kinship. In it, differences are distinguished by generation and by gender. There is a parental generation and a generation of children. In this system, Ego refers to all females of his parent's generation as "Mother" and all of the males as "Father". In the generation of children, all brothers and male cousins are referred to as "Brother", all sisters and females as "Sister". The Hawaiian system is ...

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Hawaiian kinship, Hawaiian kinship - Kinship system, Hawaiian kinship - Usage, Hawaiian kinship - Sources

Read more here: » Hawaiian kinship: Encyclopedia II - Hawaiian kinship - Kinship system

The term Iroquois comes from the Iroquoian Indians of northeastern North America. However, multiple groups around the globe employ the "Iroquois" system and is fairly commonly found in unilineal descent groups. These include: The entire population of South India; The Dravidian population of India and Sri Lanka; Most of the rural population of China Iroquois k ...

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Iroquois kinship, Iroquois kinship - Kinship system, Iroquois kinship - Marriage, Iroquois kinship - Usage, Iroquois kinship - South India and Sri Lanka, Iroquois kinship - China, Iroquois kinship - Sources

Read more here: » Iroquois kinship: Encyclopedia II - Iroquois kinship - Usage

In function, the system is extremely similar to the Crow system. However, whereas Crow groups are matrilineal, Omaha descent groups are characteristically patrilineal. In this system relatives are sorted according to their descent and their gender. Ego's father and his brothers are merged together under a single term and a similar pattern is seen for Ego's mother and her sisters. Like most other kinship systems, Omaha kinship distinguishes between Parallel and Cross cousins. While Parallel cousins are merged with siblings, Cross cousins are ...

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Omaha kinship, Omaha kinship - Kinship system, Omaha kinship - Usage

Read more here: » Omaha kinship: Encyclopedia II - Omaha kinship - Kinship system

Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political problems arise simply because anthropologists usually have more power than the people they study. Some have argued that the discipline is a form of colonialist theft in which the anthropologist gains power at the expense of subjects. The anthropologist, they argue, can gain yet more power by exploiting knowledge and artifacts of the people he studies while the people he studies gain nothing, or even lose, ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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The Eskimo system places no distinction between patrilineal and matrilineal relatives, instead focusing on differences in kinship distance (the closer the relative is, the more distinguished). The system also emphasizes the nuclear family, identifying directly only the mother, father, brother, and sister (lineal relatives). All other relatives are grouped together into categories. It uses both classificatory and descriptive terms, differentiating between gender, generation, lineal relatives (relatives in the direct line of descent), and collateral relatives (bl ...

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Eskimo kinship, Eskimo kinship - Kinship system, Eskimo kinship - Occurrence, Eskimo kinship - Terminology

Read more here: » Eskimo kinship: Encyclopedia II - Eskimo kinship - Kinship system

Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political problems arise simply because anthropologists usually have more power than the people they study. Some have argued that the discipline is a form of colonialist theft in which the anthropologist gains power at the expense of subjects. The anthropologist, they argue, can gain yet more power by exploiting knowledge and artifacts of the people she or he studies while the people she or he studies gain nothing, ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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The system is somewhat similar to the Iroquois system, but further distinguishes between the mother's side and the father's side. Relatives on the mother's side of the family have more descriptive terms, and relatives on the father's side have more classificatory terms. The Crow system is distinctive because unlike most other kinship systems, it chooses to not distinguish between certain generations. The relatives of the subject's father's matrilineage are distinguished only by their sex, regardless of their age or generation. In cont ...

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Crow kinship, Crow kinship - Kinship system, Crow kinship - Usage

Read more here: » Crow kinship: Encyclopedia II - Crow kinship - Kinship system

Anthropology in the United States was pioneered by staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology, such as John Wesley Powell and Frank Hamilton Cushing. Academic Anthropology was established by Franz Boas, who used his positions at Columbia University and the American Museum of Natural History to train and develop multiple generations of students. Boasian anthropology was politically active and suspicious of research dictated by the U.S. government or wealthy patrons. It was also rigorou ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S.

The anthropologist Eric Wolf once characterized anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences. Understanding how anthropology developed contributes to understanding how it fits into other academic disciplines. Contemporary anthropologists claim a number of earlier thinkers as their forebearers and the discipline has several sources. However, anthropology can best be understood as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment. It was during this period that Europeans attempted systematically ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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Whereas Boas picked his opponents to pieces through attention to detail, in Britain modern anthropology was formed by rejecting historical reconstruction in the name of a science of society that focused on analyzing how societies held together in the present. The two most important names in this tradition were Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski, both of whom released seminal works in 1922. Radcliffe-Brown's initial fieldwork in the Andaman Islands was carried out in the old style, but after reading Émile Durkhei ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain

The system has both classificatory and descriptive terms. In addition to gender and generation, Iroquois kinship also distinguishes between parental siblings of opposite sexes. Parental siblings of the same sex are considered blood relatives. However, parental siblings of differing sex are labelled as "Aunt" or "Uncle" as the situation necessitates. Thus, one's mother's sister is also called mother, and one's father's brother is also called father; however, one's mother's brother is called father-in-law, ...

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Iroquois kinship, Iroquois kinship - Kinship system, Iroquois kinship - Marriage, Iroquois kinship - Usage, Iroquois kinship - South India and Sri Lanka, Iroquois kinship - China, Iroquois kinship - Sources

Read more here: » Iroquois kinship: Encyclopedia II - Iroquois kinship - Kinship system

The Eskimo system is comparatively rare among the world's kinship systems and is at present used in most advanced Western societies (such as those of modern-day Europe or North America). A small number of food-foraging peoples also use it (such as the !Kung tribe of Africa). The system is largely used in bilineal societies where the dominant relatives are the immediate family. In most Western societies, the nuclear family represents an independent social and economic group, further emphasizing the immediate kinship. The tendency in Western societies to live apart and interact with extended family onl ...

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Eskimo kinship, Eskimo kinship - Kinship system, Eskimo kinship - Occurrence, Eskimo kinship - Terminology

Read more here: » Eskimo kinship: Encyclopedia II - Eskimo kinship - Occurrence

Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. It was after the war that the two would blend to create a 'sociocultural' anthropology. In the 1950s and mid-1960s anthropology tended increasingly to model itself after the natural sciences. Some, such as Lloyd Fallers and Clifford Geertz, focused on processes of modernization by which newly independent states could develop. Others, such as Julian Steward and Leslie White focused on how societies evolve and fit their ecologi ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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The Hawaiian system is named for the pre-contact kinship system of peoples in the Hawaiian Islands. Use of the Hawaiian system is now most common in Malayo-Polynesian-speaking areas. This form of kinship is most common in societies where economic production and child-rearing are shared. ...

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Hawaiian kinship, Hawaiian kinship - Kinship system, Hawaiian kinship - Usage, Hawaiian kinship - Sources

Read more here: » Hawaiian kinship: Encyclopedia II - Hawaiian kinship - Usage

Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions. Most commentators consider Marcel Mauss to be the founder of the French anthropological tradition. Mauss was a member of Durkheim's Annee Sociologique group, and while Durkheim and others examined the state of modern societies, Mauss and his collaborators (such as Henri Hubert and Robert Hertz) drew on ethnography and philology to analyze societies which were not as 'differentiated' as European nation states. In particular, Mauss's Essay on the Gift was to prove of enduring relevance ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Anthropology in France