TEL was once used extensively as an additive in gasoline (petrol) for its ability to increase the fuel's octane rating (that is, to prevent its premature detonation ("knocking") in the engine) thus allowing the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and power. In addition some of the lead deposited on the valve seats and helped protect them against wear. In most Western countries this additive went out of use in the late 20th century, chiefly because of the realization that most of its lead—which is toxic to humans ...

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Tetra-ethyl lead, Tetra-ethyl lead - Chemistry, Tetra-ethyl lead - Uses, Tetra-ethyl lead - History

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The amphibian's ancestral fish must have possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early amphibians, including internal nostrils (to separate the breathing and feeding passages) and a large fleshy fin built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb. The rhipidistian crossopterygians fulfill every requirement for this ancestry. Their palatal and jaw structures were identical to those of amphibians, and their dentition was identical too, with labyrinthine teeth fitting in a pit-and-tooth arrangement on the palate. The crossop ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

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The boiling temperature of water for pressures around 100 kPa can be approximated by where the temperature is in degrees Celsius and the pressure p is in pascals. One gets the vapor pressure by solving this equation for p. Raoult's law approximately governs the vapor pressure of mixtures of liquids. ...

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Vapor pressure, Vapor pressure - Equilibrium vapor pressure of solids, Vapor pressure - Relation between solid and liquid vapor pressures, Vapor pressure - Water vapor pressure

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Water molecule - Density of water and ice. For most substances, the solid form of the substance is more dense than the liquid form; thus, a block of pure solid substance will sink in a tub of pure liquid substance. But, by contrast, a block of common ice will float in a tub of water because solid water is less dense than liquid water. This is an extremely important characteristic property of water. At room temperature, liquid water becomes denser with lowering temperature, just like ot ...

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Water molecule, Water molecule - Forms of water, Water molecule - A common substance, Water molecule - Water in the Universe, Water molecule - Water on Earth, Water molecule - Water in industry, Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water, Water molecule - Density of water and ice, Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice, Water molecule - Triple point, Water molecule - Mpemba effect, Water molecule - Hot ice, Water molecule - Surface tension, Water molecule - Electrical properties, Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water, Water molecule - Water as a solvent, Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water, Water molecule - Acidity in nature, Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water, Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water, Water molecule - History, Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

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Some time in the future (it is never made clear when), the polar ice caps have melted due to global warming, and the Earth is almost entirely covered with water. The surviving humans have forgotten the past and believe in a modified creation belief in which God created the world as a ball covered with water, but that there is also 'dryland' somewhere on Earth. The surviving people can be classified into three groups: Drifters, who ply the water in boats, collecting things from the ocean floor to trade to each other ...

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Waterworld, Waterworld - Synopsis, Waterworld - Notes, Waterworld - Cast

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Luther Burbank has been quoted as the source of the saying, "A weed is any plant growing in the wrong place". Yet with a small shift in perspective we can often change our definition to a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered. Those plants that we call weeds can often have many useful functions- many are edible, medicinal, attract wildlife, increase biodiversity, provide valuable information about the condition of our land (eg, nettles (Urtica diocia) indicate a fertile soil, whilst the presence of horsetail (Equi ...

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Weed control, Weed control - The effects of weeds on other plants, Weed control - Methods, Weed control - Stale seed bed technique, Weed control - Use of herbicides, Weed control - Wood, Weed control - UK Legislation concerning weeds, Weed control - Homemade Weed Killer Recipe, Weed control - External link, Weed control - Reference

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The single combination of pressure and temperature at which water, ice, and water vapour can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 273.16 kelvins (0.006 °C) and a pressure of 611.73 pascals (ca. 6 millibars, .006037 Atm). At that point, it is possible to change all of the substance to ice, water, or steam by making infinitesimally small changes in pressure and temperature. (Note that the pressure referred to here is the vapor pressure of the su ...

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Triple point, Triple point - Triple point of water

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Thionyl chloride is used both on a laboratory and an industrial scale. It reacts with water to release hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and it is not found in nature. H2O + O=SCl2 → SO2 + 2 HCl Thionyl chloride reacts with carboxylic acids to produce acyl chlorides, R-CO-OH + O=SCl2 → R-CO-Cl + SO2 + HCl and with alcohols to produce alkyl chlorides via a SNi reaction mode. R-OH + O=SCl ...

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Thionyl chloride, Thionyl chloride - Reactions, Thionyl chloride - Uses, Thionyl chloride - Synthesis of Thionyl Chloride

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History of perpetual motion machines - Pre-1800s. About the 700s Bavaria, the magic wheel or magnet wheel, was basically a wagon wheel that spun by itself. Magnets with lead plates on their backs were affixed to the wheel, like the seats on a Ferris Wheel. Each magnet was attracted to a magnet affixed to the base on the ground. The lead allegedly blocked attraction as each magnet passes by it, so the wheel would keep moving for a time before friction stopped it.

Industrially, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is usually produced in a two-step process from vinyl chloride. In the first step, vinyl chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride at 20-50°C to produce 1,1-dichloroethane. This reaction is catalyzed by one of aluminium chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc chloride. Its chemical equation is CH2=CHCl + HCl → CH3CHCl2 The 1,1-dichloroethane is then converted to 1,1,1-trichloroethane by reaction with chlorine under ultraviolet irradiation CH3CHCl2 + Cl2See also:

111-Trichloroethane, 111-Trichloroethane - Production, 111-Trichloroethane - Uses, 111-Trichloroethane - Safety

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Sensor - Ionising radiation. radiation sensors: Geiger counter, dosimeter, Scintillation_counter subatomic particle sensors: scintillometer, cloud chamber, bubble chamber Sensor - Non ionising radiation. light sensors: photocells, photodiodes, phototransistors, photo-electric tubes, CCDs, Nichols radiometer, Image sensor proximity sensor- A type of distance sensor but less sophisticated. Only detects a specific proximity. May be o ...

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Sensor, Sensor - Overview, Sensor - Classification of types, Sensor - Thermal energy, Sensor - Electromagnetic sensors, Sensor - Mechanical sensors, Sensor - Chemical sensors, Sensor - Optical and radiation sensors, Sensor - Ionising radiation, Sensor - Non ionising radiation, Sensor - Acoustic sensors, Sensor - Acoustic, Sensor - Other types of sensor, Sensor - Classification of measurement errors, Sensor - Biological sensors, Sensor - Links

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Sauces in French cuisine date back to Medieval times. There were hundreds of sauces in the lore. In 'classic' French cooking (19th and 20th century until nouvelle cuisine), sauces were a major defining characteristic of French cuisine. In the 19th century, the chef Antoine Carême classified sauces into four families, each of which was based on a mother sauce. Carême's four mother sauces were: Allemande Béchamel is based on flour and milk Espagnole is based on brown stock, beef etc. Velouté is bas ...

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Sauce, Sauce - Sauces in French cuisine, Sauce - Sauces in other cuisines, Sauce - Sauce variations, Sauce - Examples of sauces

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Corporate raids became the hallmark of a handful of investors in the 1970s and 80s who built up large lines of credit and were able to purchase huge companies for little or no cash, often through the issuance of junk bonds. These corporate raiders gained a reputation for destroying a number of well-run companies, although this may be somewhat overstating the issue. However, the era of the corporate raider appears to be largely over. In the later 1980s the famous raiders suffered from a number of bad purchases that lost money (f ...

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Corporate raid, Corporate raid - History, Corporate raid - Analysis, Corporate raid - In fiction

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The phonemic inventory of Connacht Irish (based on the accent of Tourmakeady in Mayo) is as shown in the following chart (based on de Búrca 1958; see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant See also:

Connacht Irish, Connacht Irish - Lexicon, Connacht Irish - Phonology, Connacht Irish - Morphology, Connacht Irish - Nouns, Connacht Irish - Verbs

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Nomenclature Main article: IUPAC nomenclature Nomenclature refers to the system for naming chemical compounds. There are well-defined systems in place for naming chemical species. Organic compounds are named according to the organic nomenclature system. Inorganic compounds are named according to the inorganic nomenclature system. Atoms Main article: Atom An atom is a collection of matter consisting of a positively charged core (the atomic nucleus) which contains protons and neutrons, and which maintains a number of electrons to balance the posi ...

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Chemistry, Chemistry - Introduction, Chemistry - Chemical phenomena, Chemistry - Subdisciplines of chemistry, Chemistry - Fundamental concepts, Chemistry - History of chemistry, Chemistry - Etymology

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An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output, and especially in the absence of rechargeable batteries that can provide similar low-frequency current capacity. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC should not; the large value of the capacitanc ...

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Capacitor component, Capacitor component - Capacitor construction, Capacitor component - Fixed value capacitors, Capacitor component - Colour coding of Molded Mica Capacitors, Capacitor component - Electrolytic capacitors, Capacitor component - Construction, Capacitor component - Electrical behavior of electrolytics, Capacitor component - Standard values for electrolytics, Capacitor component - External links, Capacitor component - Electric double-layer capacitors EDLCs, Capacitor component - Variable capacitors, Capacitor component - Fixed capacitor comparisons, Capacitor component - Non-idealities of practical capacitors, Capacitor component - Q factor dissipation and tan-delta, Capacitor component - Equivalent series resistance ESR, Capacitor component - Equivalent series inductance ESL, Capacitor component - Voltage, Capacitor component - Temperature dependence, Capacitor component - Aging, Capacitor component - Soakage, Capacitor component - Non-linearity, Capacitor component - Leakage

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Most exposures to cresols are at very low levels that are not harmful. When cresols are breathed, ingested, or applied to the skin at very high levels, they can be very harmful. Effects observed in people include irritation and burning of skin, eyes, mouth, and throat; abdominal pain and vomiting; heart damage; anemia; liver and kidney damage; facial paralysis; coma; and death. Breathing high levels of cresols for a short time results in irritation of the nose and throat. Aside from these effects, very little is known about the effects of breathing cresols, for ex ...

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Cresol, Cresol - Health effects, Cresol - References for Table of Properties, Cresol - External link

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Petroleum - Biogenic theory. Most geologists view crude oil, like coal and natural gas, as the product of compression and heating of ancient vegetation over geological time scales. According to this theory, it is formed from the decayed remains of prehistoric marine animals and terrestrial plants. Over many centuries this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried under thick sedimentary layers of material. The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the remains to metamorphose, first into a waxy material ...

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Petroleum, Petroleum - Origin, Petroleum - Biogenic theory, Petroleum - Abiogenic theory, Petroleum - Extraction, Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil, Petroleum - History, Petroleum - Environmental effects, Petroleum - Future of oil, Petroleum - Classification, Petroleum - Pricing, Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries, Petroleum - Petroleum in Military Strategy, Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry, Petroleum - Films about petroleum, Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

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There are two main solvents used in EPD, water and organic liquids. Organic liquids are usually preferred to water based solutions as in water based solutions, the resulting hydrolysis of water due to the high potential difference causes gas formation within the suspension. The charge of the colloidal particle also plays a vital role in the electrophoretic mobility of the suspension, and this charge originates from ...

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Electrophoretic deposition, Electrophoretic deposition - Process of electrophoretic deposition, Electrophoretic deposition - Factors affecting EPD, Electrophoretic deposition - Uses of EPD

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Dishwasher - Capacity. The capacity of a dishwasher according to international standards is measured in standard place settings. Dishes or plates of irregular sizes may not fit properly in a dishwasher's cleaning compartment, so it is advisable to check for compatibility before buying a dishwasher. Dishwasher - Size. Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm (Europe) or 24 inches (US), and most dishwashers must be ins ...

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Dishwasher, Dishwasher - How dishwashers work, Dishwasher - History, Dishwasher - Brands, Dishwasher - Higher-End, Dishwasher - Midrange, Dishwasher - Low-End, Dishwasher - Characterisation, Dishwasher - Capacity, Dishwasher - Size, Dishwasher - Features, Dishwasher - Sound Dampening, Dishwasher - Detergent, Dishwasher - Hazing of glassware prohibition on dishwashing lead crystal, Dishwasher - Level of sterilisation, Dishwasher - Commercial dishwashers, Dishwasher - Dishwashers and the environment, Dishwasher - Dishwashers vs. washing dishes by hand, Dishwasher - Waterless dishwasher concept, Dishwasher - Sources

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Rotational means non-zero curl. Proposition (1) above stated that viscous → rotational, but does rotational → viscous? Example One: let the velocity field v be defined by This is an infinitely large uniform vortex (uniform : it moves like a solid). But it cannot be real (see ontology): it would have infinite kinetic energy. Curl is constant and non-zero. But is it viscous? The answer appears to be no: because the vortex moves uniformly as ...

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D'Alembert's paradox, D'Alembert's paradox - Discussion, D'Alembert's paradox - Examples and further discussion, D'Alembert's paradox - External link

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Although Archimedes' principle gives the force on a buoyant object, this does not allow the direct determination of the acceleration of the object in the usual way using Newton's second law. This is because as well as accelerating the object, the fluid also has to be dynamically displaced- resulting in drag. While Archimedes' principle is hydrostatic force, it must be taken into account, even in hydrodynamical situations. A simple case would be that of a submerged sphere that is twice as dense as water starting at rest and as it first ...

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Buoyancy, Buoyancy - Forces and equilibrium, Buoyancy - Archimedes' principle, Buoyancy - Density, Buoyancy - Acceleration

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