Igneous rocks, which form lava flows when erupted, can be classified into three chemical types; felsic, intermediate and mafic. These classes are primarily chemical, however, the chemistry of a lava also tends to correlate with the magma temperature, its viscosity and its mode of eruption. It is fair to say that a lavas composition determines its behavior more than the temperature of its eruption. Felsic lavas such as rhyolite and dacite are often associated with strombolian eruptions, and typically form lava domes, shee ...

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Lava, Lava - Lava composition and rheology, Lava - Lava Behaviour, Lava - Lava Domes, Lava - Sheeted flows, Lava - ‘A‘a, Lava - Pāhoehoe, Lava - Pillow lava, Lava - Lava formations, Lava - Lava cascades and fountains, Lava - Lava lakes, Lava - Composition of volcanic rocks, Lava - Towns destroyed by lava, Lava - Towns partially destroyed by lava flows

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Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Hindus and was found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BC In China, India and Tibet, mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health. The ancient Greeks used mercury in ointments and the Romans used it in cosmetics. By 500 BC mercury was used to make amalgams with other metals. The Indian word for alchemy is Rassayana which means ‘the way of mercury.’ Alchemists often thought of mercury as the first matter from which all metals were ...

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Mercury element, Mercury element - Applications, Mercury element - History, Mercury element - Dentistry, Mercury element - Medicine, Mercury element - Mineral occurrence, Mercury element - Compounds, Mercury element - Isotopes, Mercury element - Occurrence in the environment, Mercury element - Health and Environmental Effects, Mercury element - Precautions and regulation, Mercury element - Occupational exposure, Mercury element - Mercury in fish, Mercury element - Release of mercury into the environment, Mercury element - Mercury and aluminum

Read more here: » Mercury element: Encyclopedia II - Mercury element - History

Capsaicin is an alkaloid oil and is, as such, soluble in acid, fat or alcohol. The effects of ingestion of a hot sauce deemed 'too hot' by the consumer can be partially remedied by drinking such things as milk (dairy products, despite being alkaline in nature, contain a protein (casein) which binds with the capsaicin alkaloid, neutralizing it) or a strong alcoholic beverage (beer is primarily water) or by eating a fatty food such as peanut butter, buttery bread or whipped cream. Some people report relief with tomato juice or by eating a fres ...

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Hot sauce, Hot sauce - Chiles, Hot sauce - Heat, Hot sauce - Remedies

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Although the value of a contract at time of trading should be zero, its price constantly fluctuates. This renders the owner liable to adverse changes in value, and creates a credit risk to the exchange, who always acts as counterparty. To minimise this risk, the exchange demands that contract owners post a form of collateral, in the US formally called performance bond, but commonly known as margin. Margin requirements are waived or reduced in some cases for hedgers who have physical owner ...

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Futures contract, Futures contract - Futures vs. Forwards, Futures contract - Standardisation, Futures contract - Margin, Futures contract - Settlement, Futures contract - Pricing, Futures contract - Futures contracts and exchanges, Futures contract - Who trades futures?, Futures contract - Options on futures, Futures contract - Future Contract Regulations, Futures contract - Data

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Currently, two companies have commercialised their FT technology. Shell in Bintulu, Malaysia, uses natural gas as a feedstock, and produces primarily low-sulfur diesel fuels. Sasol in South Africa uses coal as a feedstock, and produces a variety of synthetic petroleum products. The process is today used in South Africa to produce most of the country's diesel fuel from coal by the company Sasol. The process was used in South Africa to meet its energy needs during its isolation under Apartheid. This process has received renewed attention in th ...

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Fischer-Tropsch process, Fischer-Tropsch process - Original process, Fischer-Tropsch process - History, Fischer-Tropsch process - Utilization

Read more here: » Fischer-Tropsch process: Encyclopedia II - Fischer-Tropsch process - Utilization

The introduction of a single currency for many separate countries presents a number of advantages and disadvantages for the participating nations. Opinions differ on the actual effects of the euro so far, as most of them will take years to understand. Theories and predictions abound. Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk. One of the most important benefits of the euro will be lowered exchange rate risks, which will make it easier to invest across borders. The risks of changes in the value of respective curr ...

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Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Name and linguistic issues, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Trivia

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A syllable in Esperanto is generally of the form (s/ŝ)(C)(C)V(C)(C). That is, it may have an onset, of up to three consonants; must have a nucleus of a single vowel or diphthong (except in onomatopoeic words such as zzz!), and may have a coda of zero to one (occasionally two) consonants. Any consonant may occur initially, with the exception of j before i (though there is now one word that violates this restriction, jida "Yiddish" ...

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Esperanto phonology, Esperanto phonology - Orthography and pronunciation, Esperanto phonology - Stress and prosody, Esperanto phonology - Inventory, Esperanto phonology - Phonotactics, Esperanto phonology - Allophonic variation, Esperanto phonology - Vowel length and quality, Esperanto phonology - Epenthesis, Esperanto phonology - Poetic elision, Esperanto phonology - Assimilation, Esperanto phonology - Loss of phonemic ĥ, Esperanto phonology - Proper names and borrowings

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As a totally brand new engine, among the technology used for weight savings are; Composite fan blades with titanium leading edge, measuring 111 inches (2.82 m) for the 787-8, and 104 inches (2.64 m) for the 747-8. Fan case made of composites material Fuel burn reduction technologies include; Fan bypass ratio of 9.5:1 which also reduces noise High pressure compressor based on GE90-94B with 23:1 pressure ratio Counter-rotating spools (first employed by Rolls-Royce Trent 8104) Combustors with improved internal airflows which a ...

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General Electric GEnx, General Electric GEnx - Technology, General Electric GEnx - Engine selections, General Electric GEnx - Boeing 787, General Electric GEnx - Airbus A350, General Electric GEnx - Boeing 747-8

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Glass - Float annealed glass. 90% of the world's flat glass is produced by the float glass process invented in the 1950s by Sir Alastair Pilkington of Pilkington Glass, in which molten glass is poured onto one end of a molten tin bath. The glass floats on the tin, and levels out as it spreads along the bath, giving a smooth face to both sides. The glass cools and slowly solidifies as it travels over the molten tin and leaves the tin bath in a continuous ribbon. The glass is annealed by cooling in a temperatured controlled oven called a "lehr". The finishe ...

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Glass, Glass - Properties and Uses, Glass - Glass Ingredients, Glass - Glass as a polymer, Glass - Colors, Glass - History of glass, Glass - Glass tools, Glass - Glass art, Glass - Architectural glass, Glass - Float annealed glass, Glass - Sheet glass, Glass - Plate glass, Glass - Cylinder glass, Glass - Insulated glazing, Glass - Toughened glass, Glass - Laminated glass, Glass - Low-emissivity glass, Glass - Self-cleaning glass, Glass - Evacuated glazing, Glass - Glass as a liquid

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Dmitri Mendeleev, also spelt Dmitry Mendeleyev, middle name (patronymic) Ivanovich, a Siberian-born Russian chemist, was the first scientist to make a periodic table much like the one we use today. Mendeleev arranged the elements in a table ordered by atomic mass. On March 6, 1869, a formal presentation was made to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements. His table was published in an obscure Russian journal but quickly republished in a German journal, Zeits ...

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History of the periodic table, History of the periodic table - In the beginning, History of the periodic table - Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, History of the periodic table - Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, History of the periodic table - John Newlands' Octaves, History of the periodic table - The first periodic table, History of the periodic table - Henry Moseley, History of the periodic table - Walter Russell

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Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) responders most commonly train to hazmat as it is referred to by one of two agencies; the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), or the US Department of Transportation (DOT). The DOT breaks hazardous materials into nine classes and various divisions. Hazardous materials in transportation must be placarded. Some materials must always be placarded, others may only require placarding in certain circumstances (example, amount). Some examples of the various classes and divisions are given. If any material falls ...

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Hazardous material, Hazardous material - US Department of Transportation Classes, Hazardous material - Fixed Facilities, Hazardous material - References, Hazardous material - Canada

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Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Early bands. Steinblóm (Stone Flowers) by 1969, was his first group. It was a trio formed by Guðlaugur in electric and acoustic guitars, Haraldur Johannessen in acoustic guitar as well, and Gunnar Magnússon in acoustic bass. Steinblóm played punk versions of renowned artists as Bob Dylan and his British counterpart Donovan, besides some original songs composed by Guðlaugur himself, and some folk songs. At that time, he was experimenting with homemade electro-acou ...

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Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Childhood: first contact with science and music, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Jobs and studies, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Scientific career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Inventions, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Research scientific papers and other works, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Research and scientific papers, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Music career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Early bands, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Þeyr transcends the frontiers, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - KUKL and The Elgar Sisters: a step towards experimentation, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Other music projects, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Collaborations, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Solo career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Discography, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Early bands, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Discography with Þeyr 1981-1983, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Niceland 1983, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Discography of KUKL 1983-1986, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - MEGAKUKL 1985, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - The Elgar Sisters 1984-1986, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Solo career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Collaborations of Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Inventions, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Publications for the University of Iceland, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Scientific papers, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Presentations / conferences, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Related bibliography

Read more here: » Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: Encyclopedia II - Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Music career

Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - III-V Semiconductors. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Indium phosphide (InP) InGaAs InAlAs InGaAlAs InGaAsP InGaAsN AlGaAs InGaAs AlGaP InGaP InAlP InAlP Gallium nitride (GaN) InGaN InGaAlN Indium antimonide (InSb) Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - II ...

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Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - Reactor Components, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - Metalorganic Gases, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - Semiconductors grown by MOVPE, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - III-V Semiconductors, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - II-VI Semiconductors

Read more here: » Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy: Encyclopedia II - Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy - Semiconductors grown by MOVPE

Breeding usually takes place in early spring. Females excavate a den ready for between one and four young to be born in May. The male plays no part in raising the young and may even kill them. A common scene in late spring and summer is a mother skunk followed by a line of her kits. By late July or early August the young disperse. When the young skunks meet again, they raise their tails vertically. After a little posturing they start to rub against each other, often rolling around in what appears to be an embrace. Older skunks ...

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Skunk, Skunk - Description, Skunk - Behavior, Skunk - Feeding, Skunk - Reproduction, Skunk - Removing the smell of skunk

Read more here: » Skunk: Encyclopedia II - Skunk - Reproduction

Theoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago under the pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, and continued by Plato; and Aristotle, whose views held sway for a millennium. During the Renaissance, the modern concept of experimental science, the counterpoint to theory, began with Francis Bacon. The modern era of theory began perhaps with the Copernican paradigm shift in astronomy, soon followed by the actual planetary orbits due to Keple ...

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Theoretical physics, Theoretical physics - Overview, Theoretical physics - Mainstream theories, Theoretical physics - Examples, Theoretical physics - Proposed theories, Theoretical physics - Examples, Theoretical physics - Fringe theories, Theoretical physics - Examples

Read more here: » Theoretical physics: Encyclopedia II - Theoretical physics - Overview

Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods. The amphibian's ancestral fish must have possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early amphibians, including internal nostrils (to separate the breathing and feeding passages) and a large fleshy fin built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb. The rhipidistian crossopterygians fulfill every requirement for this ancestry. Their palatal and jaw structures were identical to those of amphibians, and their dentition was identical too, with laby ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Evolution, Tetrapod - Devonian tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Living tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Tetrapod groups, Tetrapod - Anatomy, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Anatomy

Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, including the brain. Victims may feel intoxicated and experience headaches, dizziness, sleepiness, and nausea and vomiting. These effects may subside if exposure is stopped, but in severe cases, coma and even death can occur. Noted MIT researcher Dr. Makhlook Singh has noted that carbon tetrachloride has been observed to create psychedelic behavior in humans exposed to it in low consentrations for a long period of time. Dr. Singh ...

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Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon tetrachloride - Production, Carbon tetrachloride - Chemistry, Carbon tetrachloride - Uses, Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

Read more here: » Carbon tetrachloride: Encyclopedia II - Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-lik ...

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Soap, Soap - Purification and finishing, Soap - Use, Soap - The history and process of soap making, Soap - Handmade soap, Soap - Disadvantages

Read more here: » Soap: Encyclopedia II - Soap - The history and process of soap making

The Titan IIIC is a space booster used by the United States Air Force. It is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, FL., and Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA. It was to be used as a launch vehicle in the cancelled Dyna-Soar and Manned Orbiting Laboratory programs. The Titan III has also been used to launch multiple satellites during a single mission. Titan III - Features. The Titan IIIC was the most recent and largest unmanned space booster used by the Air Force until the Titan IV was developed in 19 ...

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Titan III, Titan III - Mission, Titan III - Features, Titan III - Background, Titan III - General characteristics

Read more here: » Titan III: Encyclopedia II - Titan III - Mission

The van der Waals equation is more commonly seen as (N=number of moles) where p is the pressure of the fluid a' is a measure of the attraction between the particles b' is the volume enclosed within a particle v is the volume per particle of the fluid in the 1st equation; k is Boltzmann's constantSee also:

Van der Waals equation, Van der Waals equation - Equation, Van der Waals equation - Validity, Van der Waals equation - Derivation of the equation, Van der Waals equation - Other thermodynamic parameters, Van der Waals equation - Reduced form of van der Waals equation, Van der Waals equation - Using van der Waals equation for compressible fluids

Read more here: » Van der Waals equation: Encyclopedia II - Van der Waals equation - Equation

Born in Edinburgh to British Army lieutenant David Rankine and Barbara Grahame. His family origins on both sides, were mostly from south west Scotland. Rankine was initially educated at home owing to his poor health, but later attended Ayr Academy and the High School of Glasgow. In 1836 Rankine began to study a spectrum of scientific topics at the University of Edinburgh, including natural history under Robert Jameson and natural philosophy under James Forbes, winning several scholastic awards and prizes. During vacations, he assisted ...

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William John Macquorn Rankine, William John Macquorn Rankine - Early life, William John Macquorn Rankine - Thermodynamics, William John Macquorn Rankine - Work, William John Macquorn Rankine - Assessment, William John Macquorn Rankine - Other work, William John Macquorn Rankine - Civil engineering, William John Macquorn Rankine - Naval architecture, William John Macquorn Rankine - Personal life, William John Macquorn Rankine - Honours, William John Macquorn Rankine - Important works, William John Macquorn Rankine - Books, William John Macquorn Rankine - Papers

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Vapour lock was far more common in older petrol fuel systems incorporating a low-pressure mechanical fuel pump driven by the engine, located in the engine compartment and feeding a carburetor. Such pumps were typically located higher than the fuel tank, were directly heated by the engine and fed fuel directly to the float tank inside the carburetor. Fuel was drawn under negative pressure from the feed line, increasing the risk of a vapour lock developing between the tank and pump. A vapour lock being drawn into the fuel pump could disrupt th ...

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Vapour lock, Vapour lock - Causes and Incidence, Vapour lock - Incidence with other fuels

Read more here: » Vapour lock: Encyclopedia II - Vapour lock - Causes and Incidence