Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), also known as tetrachloromethane, is a synthetic chemical compound formerly widely used in fire extinguishers and refrigeration, but now largely abandoned due to its toxicity. At room temperature and pressure, it is a clear, colorless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. Both carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloromethane are acceptable names under IUPAC nomenclature, depending on ...

Including:

• Carbon tetrachloride - Production
• Carbon tetrachloride - Chemistry
• Carbon tetrachloride - Uses
• Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

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A convection cell is a phenomenon of fluid dynamics which occurs in situations where there are temperature differences within a body of liquid or gas. Fluids are materials which exhibit the property of flow. Both gases and liquids have fluid properties, and, in sufficient quantity, even particulate solids such as salt, grain, or gravel show some fluid properties. When a volume of fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense, and thus more buoyant than the surrounding fluid. The colder, more dense fluid settles underneath ...

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Weed control, a botanical component of pest control, stops weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be harmful to domesticated plants, sometimes livestocks, by using manual techniques including soil cultivation, mulching and herbicides. Prevention of weeds from growing is desirable, but often difficult to achieve, due to the resilient fertilization and growth patterns of weeds. Weed control - The effects of weeds on other plants. Luther Burbank has been quoted as the source of the saying ...

Including:

• Weed control - The effects of weeds on other plants
• Weed control - Methods
• Weed control - Stale seed bed technique
• Weed control - Use of herbicides
• Weed control - Wood
• Weed control - UK Legislation concerning weeds
• Weed control - Homemade Weed Killer Recipe
• Weed control - External link
• Weed control - Reference

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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces. In traditional electrophoresis, electrically charged analytes move in a conductive liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. Introduced in the 1960’s, the technique of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was designed to separate species based on their size to charge ratio in the interior of a small capillary filled with an electrolyte. Other related archives1960’s, c

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The term plasma is generally reserved for a system of charged particles large enough to behave as one. Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1% of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma (i.e. respond to magnetic fields and be highly electrically conductive). In technical terms, the typical characteristics of a plasma are: Debye screening lengths that are short compared to the physical size of the plasma. Large number of particles within a sphere with a radius of the Debye length. Mean time between collisions usually is long when com ...

See also:

Plasma physics, Plasma physics - Common plasmas, Plasma physics - Characteristics, Plasma physics - Plasma scaling, Plasma physics - Temperatures, Plasma physics - Densities, Plasma physics - Potentials, Plasma physics - In contrast to the gas phase, Plasma physics - Complex plasma phenomena, Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas, Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions, Plasma physics - Fluid, Plasma physics - Kinetic, Plasma physics - Particle-in-cell, Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters, Plasma physics - Frequencies, Plasma physics - Lengths, Plasma physics - Velocities, Plasma physics - Dimensionless, Plasma physics - Miscellaneous, Plasma physics - Fields of active research

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List of DIN standards - DIN 10000 to DIN 10999. DIN 10289: Methods for corrosion testing of metallic and other inorganic coatings on metallic substrates; or external liquid applied epoxy and epoxy-modified coatings used on steel tubes and fittings for onshore and offshore pipelines (ISO 10289, EN 10289, DIN EN 10289, EN ISO 10289, DIN EN ISO 10289)* DIN 10504: Lamps for the lighting of meat and meat products* List of DIN standard ...

See also:

List of DIN standards, List of DIN standards - DIN 1 to DIN 999, List of DIN standards - DIN 1 to DIN 99, List of DIN standards - DIN 100 to DIN 199, List of DIN standards - DIN 200 to DIN 299, List of DIN standards - DIN 300 to DIN 399, List of DIN standards - DIN 400 to DIN 499, List of DIN standards - DIN 600 to DIN 699, List of DIN standards - DIN 800 to DIN 899, List of DIN standards - DIN 1000 to DIN 9999, List of DIN standards - DIN 1000 to DIN 1999, List of DIN standards - DIN 2000 to DIN 2999, List of DIN standards - DIN 4000 to DIN 4999, List of DIN standards - DIN 5000 to DIN 5999, List of DIN standards - DIN 6000 to DIN 6999, List of DIN standards - DIN 7000 to DIN 7999, List of DIN standards - DIN 8000 to DIN 8999, List of DIN standards - DIN 10000 to DIN 19999, List of DIN standards - DIN 10000 to DIN 10999, List of DIN standards - DIN 12000 to DIN 12999, List of DIN standards - DIN 13000 to DIN 13999, List of DIN standards - DIN 14000 to DIN 14999, List of DIN standards - DIN 15000 to DIN 15999, List of DIN standards - DIN 16000 to DIN 16999, List of DIN standards - DIN 17000 to DIN 17999, List of DIN standards - DIN 18000 to DIN 18999, List of DIN standards - DIN 19000 to DIN 19999, List of DIN standards - DIN 20000 to DIN 29999, List of DIN standards - DIN 24000 to DIN 24999, List of DIN standards - DIN 28000 to DIN 28999, List of DIN standards - DIN 30000 to DIN 39999, List of DIN standards - DIN 31000 to DIN 31999, List of DIN standards - DIN 40000 to DIN 49999, List of DIN standards - DIN 50000 to DIN 59999, List of DIN standards - DIN 60000 to DIN 69999, List of DIN standards - DIN 70000 to DIN 79999

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The various LC phases (called mesophases) can be characterized by the type of ordering that is present. One can distinguish positional order (whether or not molecules are arranged in any sort of ordered lattice) and orientational order (whether or not molecules are pointing in the same direction), and moreover order can be either short-range (only between molecules close to each other) or long-range (extending to larger, sometimes macroscopic, dimensions). Most thermotropic LCs will have an isotropic phase at high temperature. That is ...

See also:

Liquid crystal, Liquid crystal - Mesogens, Liquid crystal - Liquid crystal phases, Liquid crystal - Thermotropic liquid crystals, Liquid crystal - Lyotropic liquid crystals, Liquid crystal - Biological liquid crystals, Liquid crystal - Theoretical treatment of liquid crystals, Liquid crystal - Order parameter, Liquid crystal - Onsager hard-rod model, Liquid crystal - Maier-Saupe mean field theory, Liquid crystal - Elastic continuum theory, Liquid crystal - Effect of chirality, Liquid crystal - Applications of liquid crystals

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The immediate use of liquid breathing is likely to be in treating premature babies, and adults with severe lung damage from causes such as fires. Liquid breathing began to be used by the medical community after the development by Alliance Pharmaceuticals of the fluorochemical perfluorooctyl bromide, or perflubron for short. Useful as a blood substitute and for liquid ventilation, perflubron (under Alliance Pharmaceutical's brand name LiquiVent) is instilled directly into the lungs of patients with acute respiratory failure (caused by ...

See also:

Liquid breathing, Liquid breathing - The early experiments, Liquid breathing - Later developments, Liquid breathing - Use in diving, Liquid breathing - Medical uses, Liquid breathing - Mode of application, Liquid breathing - Space Travel, Liquid breathing - Acknowledgement

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This METAR example is from Trenton-Mercer Airport near Trenton, New Jersey, and was taken on December 5, 2003 at 18:53 UTC. METAR KTTN 051853Z 04011KT 1/2SM VCTS SN FZFG BKN003 OVC010 M02/M02 A3006 RMK AO2 TSB40 SLP176 P0002 T10171017= METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation. KTTN indicates the report came from Trenton-Mercer Airport, near the city of Trenton, New Jersey in the continental United States. 051853Z indicates the date of the month is th ...

See also:

METAR, METAR - United States/Canada METAR Code, METAR - International METAR Code

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Margarine has a long and sometimes confusing history. Its name originates with the discovery of "margaric acid" by Michel Eugène Chevreul in 1813 (itself named after the pearly deposits of the fatty acid, from Greek margarites). Margaric acid was thought to be one of the three fatty acids which, in combination, formed most animal fats, the others being oleic acid and stearic acid. In 1853, German chemist Wilhem H. Heintz discovered that margaric acid was, in fact, simply a combination of stearic acid and ...

See also:

Margarine, Margarine - History, Margarine - Margarine today, Margarine - The Trans fat issue, Margarine - Is Margarine better for you?

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Mass spectrometry - Ion source. The ion source is the part of the mass spectrometer that ionizes the material under analysis (the analyte). The ions are then transported by magnetic or electrical fields to the mass analyzer. Techniques for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are used for gases and vapors. In chemical ionization sources, the analyte is ionized by chemical ion-molecule reactions during ...

See also:

Mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms, Mass spectrometry - Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry - Ion source, Mass spectrometry - Mass analyzer, Mass spectrometry - Detector, Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS, Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - Liquid chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - IMS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Tandem MS MS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Applications, Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS, Mass spectrometry - Trace Gas Analysis, Mass spectrometry - Pharmcokinetics, Mass spectrometry - Mass spectrometry of proteins, Mass spectrometry - Protein and peptide fractionation coupled with mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - Protein identification, Mass spectrometry - History

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LNG offers an energy density comparable to petrol and diesel fuels and produces less pollution, but its relatively high cost of production and the need to store it in expensive cryogenic tanks have prevented its widespread use in commercial applications. Conditions required to condense natural gas depend on its precise composition, the market that it will be sold to and the process being used, but typically involve temperatures between -120 and -170 degrees Celsius (pure methane liquefies at -161.6) and pressures of between 101 and 6000 kPa (14.7 and 870 lbf/in²). High pressure natural gas that is con ...

See also:

Liquefied natural gas, Liquefied natural gas - Basic Facts on LNG, Liquefied natural gas - Trade in LNG, Liquefied natural gas - LNG safety and accidents

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Because it is consumed when it is used, the sale of laundry detergent is a rather large business. There are many different kinds or brands of laundry detergent sold, many of them claiming some special qualities as selling points. Each brand has its own instructions on how to use it and what amount to use written on the container it comes in. These days, some brands of laundry detergent purport to be more concentrated and can be added in smaller amounts. The detergent can be added onto the laundry or to the wash water at the start of the wash ...

See also:

Laundry detergent, Laundry detergent - Use of laundry detergent, Laundry detergent - Containers and sizes, Laundry detergent - Brands of laundry detergent having their own article

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Ice has long been valued as a means of cooling. Until recently, the Hungarian Parliament building used ice harvested in the winter from Lake Balaton as its primary source of energy for air conditioning. Icehouses were used to store ice during the winter so as to preserve perishables during the summer, and early refrigerators were known as iceboxes because they had a block of ice in them. In many cities it was not unusual to have a regular ice delivery service during the summer. The advent of artificial refrigeration ...

See also:

Ice, Ice - Types of ice, Ice - Human relationship with ice, Ice - Sports on ice, Ice - Ice travel, Ice - Other uses of ice, Ice - Ice at different pressures, Ice - Phases of ice, Ice - Related terms

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Indium is a very soft, silvery-white true metal that has a bright luster. As a pure metal indium emits a high-pitched "cry" when it is bent. Both gallium and indium are able to wet glass. One unusual property of indium is that its most common isotope is very slightly radioactive; it very slowly decays by beta emission to tin over time. This radioactivity is not considered hazardous, mainly because its decay rate is nearly 50,000 times slower than that of natural thorium, with a half-life of 4 x 1014 years; many thousands of ...

See also:

Indium, Indium - Notable characteristics, Indium - Applications, Indium - History, Indium - Occurrence, Indium - Precautions, Indium - External link

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It is a narrow gap semiconductor with an energy band gap equal to 0.17 eV at 300 K and 0.23 eV at 80 K. The crystal structure is cubic with a 0.648 nm lattice constant. The undoped semiconductor possesses the largest ambient temperature electron mobility, electron velocity, and ballistic length of any known semiconductor (7.8 m2V-1s-1), except possibly for carbon nanotubes. Alloys which have been ...

See also:

Indium antimonide, Indium antimonide - History, Indium antimonide - Physics, Indium antimonide - Growth Methods, Indium antimonide - Device Applications

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Early varieties of ink include Indian ink, various natural dyes made from metals, the husk or outer covering of nuts or seeds, and sea creatures like the squid (known as sepia ). India ink is black and originated in Asia. Walnut ink and iron-gall nut ink were made and used by many of the early masters to obtain the golden brown ink used for drawing. Ink - Pigmented inks. Pigmented inks contain other agents that ensure adhesion of the pigment to the surface and prevent it from being removed by mechanical abrasion. These materials are typically referred to as resins (in solvent-based inks) or b ...

See also:

Ink, Ink - Types of ink, Ink - Pigmented inks, Ink - Dyes in inks, Ink - History of ink

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A subcutaneous injection is administered into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are relatively painless and highly effective in administering such medications as insulin or goserelin. A person with Type I diabetes mellitus typically injects insulin subcutaneously. Places on the body where people can inject insulin most easily are: The outer area of the upper arm. Just above and below the waist, except the ...

See also:

Injection medicine, Injection medicine - Subcutaneous Injection, Injection medicine - Intramuscular Injection, Injection medicine - Intravenous Infusion

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The Maxwell model can be represented by a purely viscous damper and a purely elastic spring connected consecutively, as shown in the diagram. If we connect these two elements in parallel, we get a model of Kelvin material. In a Maxwell material, stress σ, strain ε and their rates of change with respect to time t are governed by equations of the form: or, more elegantly: where E is a modulus of elasticity and c a "viscosity". The equation can be appli ...

See also:

Maxwell material, Maxwell material - Definition, Maxwell material - Effect of a sudden deformation, Maxwell material - Effect of a sudden stress, Maxwell material - Dynamic modulus

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The county covers the plains between the rivers of Mura and Drava, (Mur and Drau in German), both of which occasionally flood and frequently change their paths. The Mura divides Croatia from Slovenia (Prekmurje) and also from another administrative entity, Varaždinska županija, just to the south. The county's elevation ranges between 120 m and Mohokos's 344 m above sea level. In the Upper Medjimurje, in the west, the Mura changes its course, moving it in terms of geology slowly toward the north. There were occasional earthquakes her ...

See also:

Međimurje County, Međimurje County - Physical characteristics, Međimurje County - People municipalities language cuisine, Međimurje County - Administrative division, Međimurje County - County government, Međimurje County - Communication and transport, Međimurje County - Business and economy, Međimurje County - Resources, Međimurje County - History, Međimurje County - Miscellaneous, Međimurje County - Local notable people

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The simplest phase diagrams are pressure-temperature diagrams of a single simple substance, such as water. The axes correspond to the pressure and temperature. The phase diagram shows, in pressure-temperature space, the lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries between the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas. The markings on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy is non-analytic. The open spaces, where the free energy is analytic, correspond to the phases. The phases are separated by lines of non-analyticity, where pha ...

See also:

Phase diagram, Phase diagram - Pressure-temperature diagrams, Phase diagram - Other phase diagrams, Phase diagram - Common components of a phase diagram

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Even though the concept of phases is widely-used in the physical sciences, it is not easy to define precisely. Before presenting the general definition, we will provide two common examples of phase phenomena: firstly, the ordinary solid, liquid, and gas phases of matter; secondly, the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases. Water (H2O) is composed of water molecules, each of which is an oxygen atom attached to two hydrog ...

See also:

Phase matter, Phase matter - Definition, Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases, Phase matter - Example 2: Magnetic phases, Phase matter - General definition of phases, Phase matter - Other examples of phases, Phase matter - Phase diagrams, Phase matter - Metastable phases, Phase matter - Phase equilibrium, Phase matter - Emergence and universality

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