Tetrapod - Devonian tetrapods. The first tetrapods evolved in shallow and swampy freshwater habitats, towards the end of the Devonian, a little more than 360 million years ago. By the late Devonian, land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats, allowing the first wetland ecosystems to develop, with increasingly complex food webs that afforded new opportunities. [1] Primitive tetrapods developed from a lobe-finned fish (an "osteolepid Sarcopterygian"), with a two-lobed brain in a flattened skull, a wide m ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Evolution, Tetrapod - Devonian tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Living tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Tetrapod groups, Tetrapod - Anatomy, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Evolution

The first tetrapods evolved in shallow and swampy freshwater habitats, towards the end of the Devonian, a little more than 360 million years ago. By the late Devonian, land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats, allowing the first wetland ecosystems to develop, with increasingly complex food webs that afforded new opportunities. Primitive tetrapods developed from a lobe-finned fish (an "osteolepid Sarcopterygian"), with a two-lobed brain in a flattened skull, a wide mouth and a short snout, whose upward-facing eyes show that it wa ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods

The most notable characteristic that makes an amphibian skull different from a fishes' are the relative frontal and rear portion lengths. The fish had a long rear portion while the front was short; the orbital vacuities were thus located towards the anterior end. In the amphibian, the front of the skull lengthened, positioning the orbits farther back on the skull. The lacrimal bone was not in contact with the frontal anymore, having been separated from it by the prefrontal bone. Also of importance is that the skull was now free to rotate from side to side, independent of the ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Skull

There is a density difference between air and water that causes smells (certain chemical compounds detectable by chemoreceptors) to behave differently. An animal first venturing out onto land would have difficulty in locating such chemical signals if its sensory apparatus was designed for aquatic detection. Fish have a lateral line system which detects pressure fluctuations in the water. Such pressure is non-detectable in air, but grooves for the lateral line sense organs were found on the skull of labyrinthodonts, suggesting a partia ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Sensory Organs

The balancing function of the middle ear was retained from the fish ancestry, but delicate air vibrations could not set up pulsations through the skull in order for it to function a proper auditory organ. Typical of most labyrinthodonts, the spiracular gill pouch was retained as the otic notch, closed in by the tympanum, a thin, tight membrane. The hyomandibula of fish migrated upwards from its jaw supporting position, and was reduced in size to form the stapes. Situated between the tympanum and braincase in an air-filled cavity, the ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Hearing

Early amphibians had a wide, gaping jaw with weak muscles with which to open and close it. Within the jaw were fang-like palatal teeth which, when coupled with the gape, suggests an intertial feeding habit. This is when the amphibian would grasp the prey and, lacking any chewing mechanism, toss the head up and backwards, throwing the prey farther back into the mouth. Such feeding is seen today in the crocodile and alligator. The tongue of modern adult amphibians is quite fleshy and attached to the front of the lower jaw, so it is reas ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Feeding

Labyrinthodontia Diagnostic features unique to the Labyrinthodontia are hard to find at first glance; the complex dentine infolding tooth structure was shared with crossopterygian fish. The labyrinthodonts are divided into the Temnospondyli and the Anthracosauria, the main difference between the two groups being their respective vertebral structures. The Anthracosauria had small pleurocentra, which grew and fused, becoming the true centrum in later vertebrates. In contrast, the Temnospondyli had a conservative vertebral column in whic ...

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Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Evolution, Tetrapod - Devonian tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Living tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Tetrapod groups, Tetrapod - Anatomy, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Classification

Neuropathic pain can be very difficult to treat; even strong opioid analgesics may provide only partial relief and are not approved by the FDA for neuropathic pain indications. Controlled studies of opioid analgesics that have shown pain relief have not shown any consistent improvement in quality of life indicators. However, several classes of medications not normally thought of as analgesics are often effective, alone or in combination with opioids and other treatments. These include tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil® ...

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Neuropathy, Neuropathy - Types, Neuropathy - Causes, Neuropathy - Symptoms, Neuropathy - Treatment of Neuropathic Pain, Neuropathy - Neuropathy related organizations

Read more here: » Neuropathy: Encyclopedia II - Neuropathy - Treatment of Neuropathic Pain

Types of amputation include: leg amputation of digits partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc) ankle disarticulation (Syme, Pyrogoff) below-knee amputation (transtibial) knee-bearing amputation (knee disarticulation) above knee amputation (transfemoral) Van-ness rotation (Foot being turned around and reattached to allow the ankle joint to be used as a knee.) hip disarticulation hemipelvectomy arm amputation of digits ...

See also:

Amputation, Amputation - Types, Amputation - Method, Amputation - Complications, Amputation - Autoamputation

Read more here: » Amputation: Encyclopedia II - Amputation - Types

Types of amputation include: leg amputation of digits partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc) ankle disarticulation (Syme, Pyrogoff) below-knee amputation (transtibial) knee-bearing amputation (knee disarticulation) above knee amputation (transfemoral) Van-ness rotation (Foot being turned around and reattached to allow the ankle joint to be used as a knee.) hip disarticulation hemipelvectomy arm amputation of digits ...

See also:

Amputation, Amputation - Types, Amputation - Method, Amputation - Complications, Amputation - Self-amputation

Read more here: » Amputation: Encyclopedia II - Amputation - Types

Anatomical terms of location - General usage. Three basic reference planes are used in zoological anatomy. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions. A coronal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions. A transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal portions. Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy. Sometimes the orientation of certain planes need to be distinguished, for instance in medical im ...

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Anatomical terms of location, Anatomical terms of location - Directions, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions in the limbs, Anatomical terms of location - Planes, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative motions

Read more here: » Anatomical terms of location: Encyclopedia II - Anatomical terms of location - Planes

Dharana:

Dharana ("holding"): concentration, the sixth limb (anga) of Patanjali's eight-limbed yoga

(See also: Dharana, Yoga, Yoga Dictionary)

Dhyana:

Dhyana ("ideating"): meditation, the seventh limb (anga) of Patanjali's eight-limbed yoga

(See also: Dhyana, Yoga, Yoga Dictionary)

Pentadactyly is the condition of having five digits on each limb. All land vertebrates are descended from an ancestor with a pentadactyl limb, although many groups of species have lost or transformed some or all of their digits. Tetradactyly is the condition of having four digits on a limb, as in amphibians and many birds Tridactyly is the condition of having three digits on a limb, as in some birds and ancestors of the horse such as ...

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Dactyly, Dactyly - By number, Dactyly - In birds, Dactyly - Other terms

Read more here: » Dactyly: Encyclopedia II - Dactyly - By number

Pentadactyly is the condition of having five digits on each limb. All land vertebrates are descended from an ancestor with a pentadactyl limb, although many groups of species have lost or transformed some or all of their digits. Tetradactyly is the condition of having four digits on a limb, as in amphibians and many birds. Tridactyly is the condition of having three digits on a limb, as in some birds and ancestors of the horse such as ...

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Dactyly, Dactyly - By number, Dactyly - In birds, Dactyly - Other terms

Read more here: » Dactyly: Encyclopedia II - Dactyly - By number

Shakha:  four limbs

(See also: Shakha, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dictionary, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

 Anga:

a limb, or body part

(See also:  Anga, Body Mind and Soul)

Vedanga: (Sanskrit) "Veda-limb." Six branches of post-

Vedic studies revered as auxiliary to the Vedas. Four

Vedangas govern correct chanting of the Vedas: 1)

Shiksha (phonetics), 2) ‚handas (meter), 3) Nirukta

(etymology), 4) Vyakarana (grammar). The two other

Vedangas are 5) Jyotisha Vedanga (astronomy-astrology)

and 6) Kalpa Vedanga (procedural canon) which includes

the Shrauta and Shulba Shastras (ritual codes), Dharma

Shastras (social law) and Grihya Shastras (domestic

codes).

See: Kalpa Vedanga, Vedas, and individual entries

for named texts.

(See also: Vedanga, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Lohita (Sanskrit) Red; a title of the planet Mars. Mars is also called lohitanga (from lohita red, ruddy + anga limb)

the red-limbed.

(See also: Lohita, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Folds are classified by their size, fold shape, tightness, dip of the axial plane. Fold geology - Fold shape. It is necessary to convey a sense of the shape of the fold. A fold can be shaped as a chevron, with planar limbs meeting at an angular axis, as cuspate with curved limbs, as circular with a curved axis, or as elliptical with unequal wavelength.

Fold geology, Fold geology - Describing folds, Fold geology - Fold shape, Fold geology - Fold tightness, Fold geology - Fold symmetry, Fold geology - Deformation style classes, Fold geology - Fold types, Fold geology - Folding mechanisms, Fold geology - Flexural slip, Fold geology - Buckling, Fold geology - Mass displacement

Read more here: » Fold geology: Encyclopedia II - Fold geology - Describing folds

Structures near the midline are called medial and those near the sides of animals are called lateral. Therefore, medial structures are closer to the midsagittal plane, lateral structures are further from the midsagittal plane. Structures in the midline of the body are median. For example, your cheeks are lateral to your nose and the tip of the nose is in the median line. Ipsilateral means on the same side, contralateralSee also:

Anatomical terms of location, Anatomical terms of location - Directions, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions in the limbs, Anatomical terms of location - Planes, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative motions

Read more here: » Anatomical terms of location: Encyclopedia II - Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions

The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are one of the six darshanas of Hindu or Vedic schools and, alongside the Bhagavad Gita and Hatha Yoga Pradipika, are a milestone in the history of Yoga. The book is a set of aphorisms (sutras), which are short, terse phrases designed to be easy to memorize. Though brief, the Yoga Sutras are an enormously influential work that is just as relevant for yoga philosophy and practice today as it was when it was written. To understand the work's title, it is necessary to consider the meanings of its two c ...

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Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Introduction, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Authorship, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Philosophical Roots and Influences, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - The Eight Limbs of Raja Yoga, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Bibliography, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Appendix: English Translation of the Yoga Sutras, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book I : Consciousness and Superconsciousness Samadhi Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book II : Ways To Attain Yoga Sadhana Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book III : Powers Vibhuti Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book IV : Liberation Kaivalya Pada

Read more here: » Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: Encyclopedia II - Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Introduction