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Limbs | A Wisdom Archive on Limbs | | Limbs A selection of articles related to Limbs | |
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limbs, Limb, Orthosis
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Limbs | | | |  Limbs: Encyclopedia II - List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the upper limbVERTEBRAL COLUMN: levator scapulae | rhomboid (major, minor) | serratus anterior | latissimus dorsi
ANTERIOR AND LATERAL THORACIC WALLS: pectoralis (major, minor) | subclavius
SHOULDER AND ROTATOR CUFF: deltoid | infraspinatus | subscapularis | supraspinatus | teres (major, minor)
ARM: anconeus | biceps brachii | triceps brachii | brachialis | coracobrachialis
FOREARM: brachioradialis | extensor carpi radialis (brevis, longus) | extensor carpi ulnaris ...
See also:List of muscles of the human body, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the head, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the anterolateral region of the neck, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the trunk, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the upper limb, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the lower limb, List of muscles of the human body - Sources Read more here: » List of muscles of the human body: Encyclopedia II - List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the upper limb |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the lower limb ILIAC REGION: gluteus (maximus, medius, minimus) | iliacus | gemellus (inferior, superior) | obturator (externus, internus) | quadratus femoris | piriformis | tensor fasciae latae
THIGH: adductor (brevis, longus, magnus) | gracilis | hamstring (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) | sartorius | pectineus | quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis)
LEG: tibialis (anterior, posterior) | flexor digitorum (longus, bre ...
See also:List of muscles of the human body, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the head, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the anterolateral region of the neck, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the trunk, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the upper limb, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the lower limb, List of muscles of the human body - Sources Read more here: » List of muscles of the human body: Encyclopedia II - List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the lower limb |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Raja Yoga - Eight limbs of Raja Yoga The term Ashtanga means eight limbs, thus Raja Yoga is also known as Ashtanga Yoga which refers to the eight limbs of yoga.
The eight limbs of Raja Yoga are:
Yama: Code of conduct - self-restraint
Niyama - religious observances - commitments to practice, such as study and devotion
Asana - integration of mind and body through physical activity
Pranayama - regulation of breath leading to integration of mind and body
Pratyahara - abstraction of the senses, withdrawal of the s ...
See also:Raja Yoga, Raja Yoga - Origin, Raja Yoga - Concept, Raja Yoga - Practice, Raja Yoga - Eight limbs of Raja Yoga, Raja Yoga - Yama, Raja Yoga - Niyama, Raja Yoga - Asana, Raja Yoga - Pranayama, Raja Yoga - Pratyahara, Raja Yoga - Dharana, Raja Yoga - Dhyana, Raja Yoga - Samadhi, Raja Yoga - Results Read more here: » Raja Yoga: Encyclopedia II - Raja Yoga - Eight limbs of Raja Yoga |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - The Eight Limbs of Raja Yoga The eight "limbs" or steps are: Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi. A number of commentators break these eight steps into two categories. Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, and Pratyahara comprise the first category. The second category, called Samyama is comprised of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi. The division between the two categories exists because in latter three mentioned steps there is no cognizance whereas in the first five steps cognizance exists.
"Since there is no cognizance to these th ...
See also:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Introduction, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Authorship, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Philosophical Roots and Influences, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - The Eight Limbs of Raja Yoga, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Bibliography, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Appendix: English Translation of the Yoga Sutras, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book I : Consciousness and Superconsciousness Samadhi Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book II : Ways To Attain Yoga Sadhana Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book III : Powers Vibhuti Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book IV : Liberation Kaivalya Pada Read more here: » Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: Encyclopedia II - Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - The Eight Limbs of Raja Yoga |
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| | | | | | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the trunk BACK: interspinales | intertransversarii | multifidus | rotatores | sacrospinalis | semispinalis | splenius capitis | splenius cervicis
SUBOCCIPITAL : obliquus capitis (inferior, superior) | rectus capitis posterior (major, minor)
THORAX: diaphragm | intercostales (externi, interni) | levatores costarum | serratus posterior (inferior, superior) | subcostales | transversus thoracis
ABDOMEN: cremaster | obliques (external, internal) | psoas (major, minor) | pyramidalis | quadratus lumborum | rectus abdom ...
See also:List of muscles of the human body, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the head, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the anterolateral region of the neck, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the trunk, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the upper limb, List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the lower limb, List of muscles of the human body - Sources Read more here: » List of muscles of the human body: Encyclopedia II - List of muscles of the human body - The muscles of the trunk |
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| | | | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Locomotion Typical early amphibian posture is exhibited by the upper arm and upper leg extending nearly straight out from its body, while the forearm and the lower leg extended downward from the upper segment at a near right angle. The body weight was not centered over the limbs, but was rather transferred 90 degrees outward and down through the lower limbs, which contacted the ground. Most of the animal's strength was used to just elevate its body off the ground for walking, which was probably slow and difficult. With this sort of posture, only short, broad strides could be achieved. This has been confirmed by fossilized f ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Locomotion |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods The amphibian's ancestral fish must have possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early amphibians, including internal nostrils (to separate the breathing and feeding passages) and a large fleshy fin built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb. The rhipidistian crossopterygians fulfill every requirement for this ancestry. Their palatal and jaw structures were identical to those of amphibians, and their dentition was identical too, with labyrinthine teeth fitting in a pit-and-tooth arrangement on the palate. The crossop ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Girdles The pectoral girdle of early tetrapods such as Eryops was highly developed, with a larger size for both increased muscle attachment to it and to the limbs. Most notably, the shoulder girdle was disconnected from the skull, resulting in improved terrestrial locomotion. The crossopterygian cleithrum was retained as the clavicle, and the interclavicle was well-developed, lying on the underside of the chest. In primitive forms, the two clavicles and the interclavical could have grown ventrally in such a way as to form a broad chest ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Girdles |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Philosophical Roots and Influences The Yoga Sutras are built on a foundation of Samkhya philosophy and the Bhagavad Gita. In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali prescribes adherence to eight "limbs" or steps (the sum of which constitute "Ashtanga Yoga", the title of the second chapter) to quiet one's mind and merge with the infinite. These eight limbs not only systematized conventional moral principles espoused by the Bhagavad Gita, but elucidated the practice of Raja Yoga in a more detailed manner.
For their part, the Yoga Sutras form the theoretical and philosophical base of ...
See also:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Introduction, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Authorship, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Philosophical Roots and Influences, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - The Eight Limbs of Raja Yoga, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Bibliography, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Appendix: English Translation of the Yoga Sutras, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book I : Consciousness and Superconsciousness Samadhi Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book II : Ways To Attain Yoga Sadhana Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book III : Powers Vibhuti Pada, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Book IV : Liberation Kaivalya Pada Read more here: » Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: Encyclopedia II - Yoga Sutras of Patanjali - Philosophical Roots and Influences |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Anatomical terms of location - Relative motions Flexion means approximating adjacent parts of the body (usually at a joint) and extension means separating them. For example, the legs are flexed at the knee joints when sitting down, and extended when standing up. Generally, flexion produces an acute angle between adjacent parts, with its vertex at the joint, and extension produces an obtuse angle. One exception to this rule is in the ankle joint where moving the foot such that the toes move upwards is dorsiflexion and moving the ...
See also:Anatomical terms of location, Anatomical terms of location - Directions, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions in the limbs, Anatomical terms of location - Planes, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative motions Read more here: » Anatomical terms of location: Encyclopedia II - Anatomical terms of location - Relative motions |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Anatomical terms of location - Directions
Anatomical terms of location - General usage.
Animals typically have one end with a head and mouth, with the opposite end often having the anus and tail. The head end is the cranial end; the tail end is the caudal end. Within the head itself, rostral refers to the direction toward the end of the nose, and caudal is still used to refer to the tail direction.
The surface or side of the body normally oriented upwards, away from the pull of gravity, is the dorsal side; the opposite ...
See also:Anatomical terms of location, Anatomical terms of location - Directions, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions, Anatomical terms of location - Relative directions in the limbs, Anatomical terms of location - Planes, Anatomical terms of location - General usage, Anatomical terms of location - Usage in human anatomy, Anatomical terms of location - Relative motions Read more here: » Anatomical terms of location: Encyclopedia II - Anatomical terms of location - Directions |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Anatomy
Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods.
The amphibian's ancestral fish must have possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early amphibians, including internal nostrils (to separate the breathing and feeding passages) and a large fleshy fin built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb. The rhipidistian crossopterygians fulfill every requirement for this ancestry. Their palatal and jaw structures were identical to those of amphibians, and their dentition was identical too, with laby ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Evolution, Tetrapod - Devonian tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Living tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Tetrapod groups, Tetrapod - Anatomy, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Anatomy |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods Until the 1990s, there was a 30-million year gap in the fossil record between the late Devonian tetrapods and the reappearance of tetrapod fossils in recognizable mid-Carboniferous amphibian lineages. It was referred to as "Romer's Gap", after the palaeontologist who recognized it.
During the "gap", tetrapod backbones developed, as did limbs with digits and other adaptations for terrestrial life. Ears, skulls and vertebral columns all underwent changes too. The number of digits on hands and feet became standardized at five, as lineages with more digits died out. The very few tetrapod f ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods There are four main categories of living ("crown group") tetrapods:
Amphibia
frogs and toads, newts and salamanders
Anapsida
only extant examples are turtles
Synapsida
many extinct species and all mammals
Diapsida
dinosaurs, most modern reptiles, and birds
Note that snakes are considered tetrapods because they are descended from ancestors who had a full complement of ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods |
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| | | | | Limbs: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods In the Permian period, as the separate tetrapod lineages each developed in their own way, the term "tetrapoda" becomes less useful. Each lineage, however, remains grouped with the tetrapoda, just as Homo sapiens could be considered a very highly-specialized kind of lobe-finned fish.
Most tetrapods today are terrestrial, at least in their adult forms, but some species, such as the axolotl, remain aquatic. Tetrapods that returned to the sea includ ...
See also:Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods |
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