Based on the differences in lamination the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major groups: Isocortex (homotypical cortex), the part of the cortex with six layers. Allocortex (heterotypical cortex) with variable number of layers, e.g., olfactory cortex and hippocampus. Auxiliary classes are: Mesocortex, classification between isocortex and allocortex where layers 2, 3 and 4 are merged. Proisocortex, Brodmann areas 24, 25, 32. Periallocorte ...

See also:

Cerebral cortex, Cerebral cortex - Development, Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern, Cerebral cortex - Classification

Read more here: » Cerebral cortex: Encyclopedia II - Cerebral cortex - Classification

See also:

Borna disease, Borna disease - Borna Virus, Borna disease - Effects in other species, Borna disease - Borna Virus as an agent of human disease

Read more here: » Borna disease: Encyclopedia II - Borna disease - Effects in other species

In the anatomy of mammals, the hypothalamus is a region of the brain located below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate certain metabolic processes and other autonomic activities. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system by synthesizing and secreting neurohormones often called releasing hormones because they function by stimulating the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland — among them, gonadotropin-releasing ho ...

Including:

• Hypothalamus - Hypothalamic nuclei
• Hypothalamus - Projections
• Hypothalamus - Sexual dimorphism

Read more here: » Hypothalamus: Encyclopedia - Hypothalamus

Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. This interdisciplinary field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. Affective neuroscience - Brain areas related to emotion. Emotions are thought to be related to activity in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is r ...

Including:

• Affective neuroscience - Brain areas related to emotion
• Affective neuroscience - Relationship to cognitive neuroscience

Read more here: » Affective neuroscience: Encyclopedia - Affective neuroscience

Research on health benefits of Sahaja Yoga

To verify some of the claims of Sahaj Yoga, a systematic research study was organised in the physiology and medecine department of Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals in New Delhi.

The research projects studied were psychological effects of Kundalini awakening by Sahaj Yoga and the effect of Sahaj practise on psychosomatic diseases like hypertension and bronchial asthma.

Read more here: » Sahaja Yoga: Health Benefits of Sahaja Yoga

The cerebral cortex is a brain structure in vertebrates, including humans. It is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and has a grey color. (Hence the name "grey matter". Grey matter is formed by neurons and their fibers, and white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by nerve fibers interconnecting cortical areas with each other and with subcortical structures.) The human cerebral co ...

Including:

• Cerebral cortex - Development
• Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern
• Cerebral cortex - Classification

Read more here: » Cerebral cortex: Encyclopedia - Cerebral cortex

Located deep in the brain's medial temporal lobe, the almond-shaped amygdala (in Latin, corpus amygdaloideum) is believed to play a key role in the emotions. It forms part of the limbic system. In humans and other animals, this subcortical brain structure is linked to both fear responses and pleasure. Its size is positively correlated with aggressive behavior across species. In humans it is the most sexually dimorphic brain structure, and shrinks by more than 30% in males upon castration. Conditions such as anxiety, autism, dep ...

Including:

• Amygdala - Anatomical subdivisions
• Amygdala - Connections
• Amygdala - Fear conditioning

Read more here: » Amygdala: Encyclopedia - Amygdala

The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher lifeforms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract, adipose tissue and the brain. Decreased desire to eat is termed anorexia, while polyphagia (or "hyperphagia") is increased eating. Dysregulation of appetite contributes to anorexia nervosa and cachexia on one side, and obesity on the other side of the spectrum. Appetite - Regulation. ...

Including:

• Appetite - Regulation
• Appetite - Effector
• Appetite - Sensor
• Appetite - Role in disease
• Appetite - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Appetite: Encyclopedia - Appetite

The telencephalon (te-len-seff-a-lon) is the technical name for a large region within the brain which is attributed many functions, which some groups would class as unique features which make humans stand out from other species. Many people refer to it as the cerebrum, but due to naming conventions of organs, is technically refered to as the telencephalon. As a more technical definition, the telencephalon refers to the cerebral hemispheres and other, smaller structures within the brain, despite the fact tha ...

Including:

• Telencephalon - Structure
• Telencephalon - Composition
• Telencephalon - Functions
• Telencephalon - Language and communication
• Telencephalon - Movement
• Telencephalon - Olfaction
• Telencephalon - Memory
• Telencephalon - Emotion
• Telencephalon - Programmed cell death
• Telencephalon - Purpose
• Telencephalon - Effects
• Telencephalon - Stages
• Telencephalon - Cell regeneration
• Telencephalon - Xenopus laevis

Read more here: » Telencephalon: Encyclopedia - Telencephalon

Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. There are various underlying causes, many of which are medically reversible. Due to its personal nature, the subject has been taboo for a long time, and is the stuff of many urban legends. Since the 1930s, folk remedies have been advertised widely for the condition. The introduction of sildenafil (Viagra®) in the 1990s caused a second wave o ...

Including:

• Erectile dysfunction - Medical symptoms
• Erectile dysfunction - Medical diagnosis
• Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED
• Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound
• Erectile dysfunction - Penile nerves function
• Erectile dysfunction - Nocturnal penile tumescence NPT
• Erectile dysfunction - Penile biothesiometry
• Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology
• Erectile dysfunction - Treatment
• Erectile dysfunction - PDE5 Inhibitors
• Erectile dysfunction - PT-141
• Erectile dysfunction - Ginseng
• Erectile dysfunction - Enzyte
• Erectile dysfunction - History
• Erectile dysfunction - External sources

Read more here: » Erectile dysfunction: Encyclopedia - Erectile dysfunction

In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head close to the primary sensory apparatus and the mouth. While all vertebrate nervous systems have a brain, invertebrate nervous systems may have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ; for example, the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others [1]. T ...

Including:

• Brain - Mind and brain
• Brain - History
• Brain - Modern neuroscience
• Brain - Comparative anatomy
• Brain - Invertebrates
• Brain - Vertebrates
• Brain - Neurobiology
• Brain - Histology
• Brain - Function
• Brain - Brain pathology
• Brain - The study of the brain
• Brain - Fields of study
• Brain - Methods of observation
• Brain - Other matters
• Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia - Brain

In psychology, motivation is the driving force (desire) behind all actions of human beings, animals, and lower organisms. Many textbooks define it as an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction, desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior, or an influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. Motivation is often based on emotions, specifically, on the search for positive emotional experiences and the avoidance of negative ones, where positi ...

Including:

• Motivation - Types of motivation
• Motivation - Physiological needs
• Motivation - Other biological motivations
• Motivation - Secondary goals
• Motivation - Coercion
• Motivation - Self control
• Motivation - Controlling motivation
• Motivation - Early programming
• Motivation - Organization
• Motivation - Drugs
• Motivation - In Education
• Motivation - Is Money a Motivator?
• Motivation - Reference

Read more here: » Motivation: Encyclopedia - Motivation

Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the body's cannabinoid receptors. Before other types were discovered, the term referred to a unique group of secondary metabolites found in the cannabis plant, which are responsible for the plant's peculiar pharmacological effects. Currently, there are three general types of cannabinoids: herbal cannabinoids occur uniquely in the cannabis plant; endogenous cannabinoids are produced in the bodies of humans and other animals; and synthetic cannabinoids are similar ...

Including:

• Cannabinoids - Cannabinoid Receptors
• Cannabinoids - Herbal Cannabinoids
• Cannabinoids - Endogenous Cannabinoids
• Cannabinoids - Synthetic Cannabinoids
• Cannabinoids - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Cannabinoids: Encyclopedia - Cannabinoids

The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. On its path from the outside world to the forebrain, sound information is preserved and modified in many ways. It changes media twice, first from air to fluid, then from fluid to action potentials. Auditory system - Ear. See Main Article Ear Auditory system - Outer ear. The folds of cartilage that comprise the lay conception of the ear are called the pinna. Sound waves change when they hit t ...

Including:

• Auditory system - Ear
• Auditory system - Outer ear
• Auditory system - Middle ear
• Auditory system - Inner ear
• Auditory system - Hair cell
• Auditory system - Neuron to hair relationship
• Auditory system - Neural audition circuit
• Auditory system - Overview
• Auditory system - The cochlear nucleus
• Auditory system - Superior Olivary Complex
• Auditory system - Inferior Colliculus
• Auditory system - Medial Geniculate Nucleus
• Auditory system - Primary Auditory Cortex
• Auditory system - Bibliography
• Auditory system - See Also

Read more here: » Auditory system: Encyclopedia - Auditory system

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (sometimes also referred to as ADD) is classified as a neurological disorder characterized by hyperactivity, forgetfulness, mood shifts, poor impulse control, and distractibility. ADHD is commonly diagnosed among children. When diagnosed in adults, it is regarded as adult attention-deficit disorder (AADD). It is believed that approximately ...

Including:

• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Formal definitions
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Symptoms
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Diagnosis
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Comparative behavior
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Incidence
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Testing for ADHD
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Psychological testing
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Other forms of testing
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Possible causes
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Genetic vulnerabilities
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Neuro-chemical imbalance
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Smoking during pregnancy
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Nutrition
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Sleep apnea
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Head injuries
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Treatment
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Mainstream treatments
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Alternative treatments
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Parenting
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Evidence for ADHD as an organic phenomenon
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Positive aspects
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Controversy
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as pseudo-science and its falsifiability
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Hunter in a Farmer's Society theory
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as a social construct
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about the impact of labeling
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about medication
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADD/ADHD a hoax?
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Twentieth century history
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Terminology

Read more here: » Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Encyclopedia - Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

The telencephalon comprises what most people think of as the "brain". It lies on top of the brainstem and is the largest and most well-developed of the 5 major divisions of the brain. Phylogenetically it is the newest structure, with mammals having the largest and most well-developed among all species. It emerges from the prosencephalon, the first of three vesicles that form from the embryonic neural tube. Originally there was thought to be four divisions of the telencephalon, although through later reasearch other sub-divisions were described. This four-division scheme is ...

See also:

Telencephalon, Telencephalon - Structure, Telencephalon - Composition, Telencephalon - Functions, Telencephalon - Language and communication, Telencephalon - Movement, Telencephalon - Olfaction, Telencephalon - Memory, Telencephalon - Emotion, Telencephalon - Programmed cell death, Telencephalon - Purpose, Telencephalon - Effects, Telencephalon - Stages, Telencephalon - Cell regeneration, Telencephalon - Xenopus laevis

Read more here: » Telencephalon: Encyclopedia II - Telencephalon - Composition

List of regions in the human brain - Rhombencephalon hindbrain. medulla oblongata medullary pyramids pons fourth ventricle cerebellum cerebellar vermis cerebellar hemispheres anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculonodular lobe cerebellar nuclei

Broca was a prodigy as a child, holding baccalaureate degrees simultaneously in literature, mathematics, and physics. He entered medical school in Paris when he was only 17 years old and graduated at 20, when most of his contemporaries were just beginning as medical students. Broca soon became a professor of surgical pathology at the University of Paris. He quickly exalted as a noted medical researcher in many areas. At the age of 24 he had received many awards, medals, and important positions. His early scientific works dealt with th ...

See also:

Paul Pierre Broca, Paul Pierre Broca - Education and research, Paul Pierre Broca - Speech research, Paul Pierre Broca - Anthropology research, Paul Pierre Broca - Anatomy research, Paul Pierre Broca - Personal

Read more here: » Paul Pierre Broca: Encyclopedia II - Paul Pierre Broca - Education and research

Broca was a prodigy as a child, holding baccalaureate degrees simultaneously in literature, mathematics, and physics. He entered medical school in Paris when he was only 17 years old and graduated at 20, when most of his contemporaries were just beginning as medical students. Broca soon became a professor of surgical pathology at the University of Paris. He quickly excelled as a noted medical researcher in many areas. At the age of 24 he had received many awards, medals, and important positions. His early scientific works dealt with t ...

See also:

Paul Pierre Broca, Paul Pierre Broca - Education and research, Paul Pierre Broca - Speech research, Paul Pierre Broca - Anthropology research, Paul Pierre Broca - Anatomy research, Paul Pierre Broca - Personal

Read more here: » Paul Pierre Broca: Encyclopedia II - Paul Pierre Broca - Education and research

Anatomical regions are listed vertically beneath Brain according to typical hierarchies. Functional, connective and developmental regions are listed horizontally in (italicized subscript). Functional and connective regions defined as systems are categorized at cerebrospinal systems. ...

See also:

List of regions in the human brain, List of regions in the human brain - Brain neural tube, List of regions in the human brain - Rhombencephalon hindbrain, List of regions in the human brain - Mesencephalon midbrain, List of regions in the human brain - Prosencephalon forebrain, List of regions in the human brain - Neural pathways, List of regions in the human brain - Cerebrospinal systems, List of regions in the human brain - Neuronal systems, List of regions in the human brain - Neurocrine systems, List of regions in the human brain - Vascular systems, List of regions in the human brain - Dural meningeal system, List of regions in the human brain - Organization, List of regions in the human brain - Related topic

Read more here: » List of regions in the human brain: Encyclopedia II - List of regions in the human brain - Organization