Ligurians

The Cimmerians (Greek Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of Azerbaijan in 714 BC. Cimmerians - Origins. Their origins are obscure, but they are believed to have been Indo-European. Their language is regarded as being related to either Thracian or Iranian. The Thracian the ...

Including:

• Cimmerians - Origins
• Cimmerians - Historical accounts
• Cimmerians - Timeline
• Cimmerians - Language
• Cimmerians - Possible offshoots
• Cimmerians - Archaeology

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The first historical record of the Cimmerians appears in Assyrian annals in the year 714 BC. These describe how a people termed the Gimirri helped the forces of Sargon II to defeat the kingdom of Urartu. Their original homeland, called Gamir or Uishdish, seems to have been located within the buffer state of Mannae. The later geographer Ptolemy placed the Cimmerian city of Gomara in this region. Some modern authors assert that the Cimmerians included mercenaries, whom the Assyrians knew as Khumri, who ...

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Cimmerians, Cimmerians - Origins, Cimmerians - Historical accounts, Cimmerians - Timeline, Cimmerians - Language, Cimmerians - Possible offshoots, Cimmerians - Archaeology

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Provence has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It was known in ancient times as part of Narbonensis, inhabited by Ligurians and later Celts. The coastal strip was settled by Greeks and Phoenicians from around 600 BC onwards, with Marseille becoming one of the great trading cities of the Mediterranean. It was progressively settled by the Romans from the 2nd century BC, eventually becoming a province of the Roman Empire. This gave it its name, from the Latin provincia, as Provence was one of the first and most romanised provinces ...

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Provence, Provence - History, Provence - Geography, Provence - Climate, Provence - Sights, Provence - Culture

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Pisa - Ancient times. Nobody really knows when Pisa was founded. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi ...

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Pisa, Pisa - History, Pisa - Ancient times, Pisa - High Middles Ages, Pisa - 11th century, Pisa - 12th century, Pisa - 13th century, Pisa - Decline, Pisa - Landmarks, Pisa - Notable people associated with Pisa, Pisa - Sources

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There were settlements in the Nice area approximately 400,000 years ago: the site of Terra Amata shows one of the earliest uses of fire and construction of houses. Nice (Nicaea) was founded in the 5th century BC by the Greeks of Marseille and received the name of Νικαία ("Nikaia") in honour of a victory over the neighbouring Ligurians (Nike being the goddess of victory). It soon became one of the busiest trading stations on the Ligurian coast; but as a city it had an important rival in the Roman town of Cemenelum, which continued to exist as a separate city till the time of the Lombard invasions, and has left its ruins at Cimiez, ...

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Nice, Nice - Administration, Nice - History, Nice - Culture, Nice - Transportation, Nice - Miscellaneous, Nice - Births

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The origins of the Elymians are unknown. Thucydides wrote about the Elymians as refugees from Troy. When the city was destroyed, to avoid being captured by the Achaeans, a group of Trojans escaped and, after a long journey through the Mediterranean sea, landed in Sicily, close to the Sicani. Plutarch remembers the Trojan origin of the Segestans. Others wrote about their Anatolian origins. The three most important cities of the Elymians were: Segesta (called Egesta by the ancient Greeks), the political center; Eryx (the modern Erice), the city that hosted the religion most diffused thro ...

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Elymians, Elymians - Origins, Elymians - Continuous wars, Elymians - The cities

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French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul. The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by Julius Cæsar (58–52 BC), France was inhabited largely by a Celtic people that the Romans referred to as Gauls, although there were also other linguistic/ethnic groups in France at this time, such as the Iberians in southern France and Spain, the Ligurians on the Mediterranean coast, Greek colonies such as Massalia (i.e. present-day Marseille), Phoenician outposts, an ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Dialects, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - History

Pisa - Ancient times. Pisa's origins are unknown. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991. A ...

See also:

Pisa, Pisa - History, Pisa - Ancient times, Pisa - High Middles Ages, Pisa - 11th century, Pisa - 12th century, Pisa - 13th century, Pisa - Decline, Pisa - Landmarks, Pisa - Notable people associated with Pisa, Pisa - Sources

Read more here: » Pisa: Encyclopedia II - Pisa - History

Cf. List of rulers of Monaco See also:

History of Monaco, History of Monaco - Early history and Ligurian settlement, History of Monaco - Greek colonization and Herculean legend, History of Monaco - Roman rule, History of Monaco - Middle Ages, History of Monaco - Rise of the Grimaldis, History of Monaco - Timelines

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French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul. The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by Julius Cæsar (58–52 BC), France was inhabited largely by a Celtic people that the Romans referred to as Gauls, although there were also other linguistic/ethnic groups in France at this time, such as the Iberians in southern France and Spain, the Ligurians on the Mediterranean coast, Greek colonies such as Massalia (i.e. present-day Marseille), Phoenician outposts, an ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Regional Varieties, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - History

Modena - Ancient times. The territory around Modena (Roman Mutina, Etruscan Muoina) was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans, and the Gaulish Boii (the settlment itself being Etruscan). Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city. Livy described it as a fortified citadel where Ro ...

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Modena, Modena - History, Modena - Ancient times, Modena - Middle Ages, Modena - The Este in the duchy of Modena

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Antibes - Greek Antipolis. In prehistory, the area around Antibes was inhabited by the Deciates (Δεκιῆται), a tribe of the Ligurians (Smith, entry on Deciátes; Cosson, pp.20-23). The border with the Ligurian Oxybii (Ὀξύβιοι) being to the west of Antibes and east of Frejus (Smith, entry on Oxybii). The Deciates had a town in the area, oppidum Deciatum but this was not Antibes itself (Pliny the Elder, Chorographia, 2.69): In litoribus aliquot sunt cum aliquis nominibus loca: ...

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Antibes, Antibes - Administration, Antibes - History, Antibes - Greek Antipolis, Antibes - Roman Civitas Antipolitana, Antibes - Mediaeval Antibo, Antibes - Tourism, Antibes - Cap d'Antibes, Antibes - Antibes Culture, Antibes - Literature, Antibes - Music, Antibes - Art, Antibes - Miscellaneous

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French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul. The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by Julius Cæsar (58–52 BC), France was inhabited largely by a Celtic people that the Romans referred to as Gauls, although there were also other linguistic/ethnic groups in France at this time, such as the Iberians in southern France and Spain, the Ligurians on the Mediterranean coast, Greek colonies such as Massalia (i.e. present-day Marseille), Phoenician outposts, an ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Dialects, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Levels of register, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - History

Genoa - Ancient history. Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. Destroyed by the Carthaginians in 209 BC, the town was rebuilt by Rome, under which the city enjoyed municipal rights and exported skins, wood, and honey. Although remaining faithful to Rome while other Ligurian and Celtic peoples of northern Italy stoo ...

See also:

Genoa, Genoa - History, Genoa - Ancient history, Genoa - Middle Ages & Renaissance, Genoa - Later history, Genoa - Demographics, Genoa - Miscellaneous

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The majority of French words derive from vernacular or "vulgar" Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pairs of words, one form being popular (noun) and the other one savant (adjective), both originating from Latin. Example: brother: frère (brother) / fraternel finger: doigt / digital faith: foi (faith) / fidèle cold: froid / frigide ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Regional Varieties, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - Vocabulary

French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and one ligature (œ). French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. However, some conscious changes were also made to restore Latin orthography: Old French doit > French doigt "finger" (Latin digitum) Old French pie > Fre ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Regional Varieties, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - Writing system

French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including: the loss of Latin's declensions only two grammatical genders the development of grammatical articles from Latin demonstratives new tenses formed from auxiliaries French word order is Subject Verb Object, except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is Subject Object Verb. ...

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French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Regional Varieties, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - Grammar

La Francophonie is an international organization of French-speaking countries and governments. French language - Legal status in France. Per the Constitution of France, French is the official language of the Republic since 1792 [1]. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education outside of specific cases (though these dispositions are often ignored) and legal contracts; advertisements must ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Regional Varieties, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - Geographic distribution

The Rock of Monaco served as a shelter for the area's early inhabitants from the end of the Paleolithic period, approximately 300000 BC, evidence of whom has been found in a cave in St. Martin's Gardens in present-day Monaco. According to the accounts of historian Diodorus Siculus and geographer Strabon, the area's first permanent settlers were the mountain-dwelling Ligures, who emigrated from their native city of Genoa, Italy. However, the ancient Ligurian language, which was apparently not Indo-European, is not connected to the Italian dialect spoken b ...

See also:

History of Monaco, History of Monaco - Early history and Ligurian settlement, History of Monaco - Greek colonization and Herculean legend, History of Monaco - Roman rule, History of Monaco - Middle Ages, History of Monaco - Rise of the Grimaldis, History of Monaco - Timelines

Read more here: » History of Monaco: Encyclopedia II - History of Monaco - Early history and Ligurian settlement

French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and one ligature (œ). French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. However, some conscious changes were also made to restore Latin orthography: Old French doit > French doigt "finger" (Latin digitum) Old French pie > Fre ...

See also:

French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Dialects, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system

Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - Writing system