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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - History
Main article: History of Libya
The land we now know as modern Libya has been, throughout the ages, subjected to varying degrees of foreig...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - History
The land we now know as modern Libya has been, throughout the ages, subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The Phoenicians, Car...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Geography
Main article: Geography of Libya
Libya extends over 1,759,540 km², making it the 16th largest nation in the world. It is bound to the we...
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Arab Socialist Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab Socialist Union - Libya
Libya
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Libya
Political parties in Libya
Elections in Libya
edit
Many aspec...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - History
Main article: History of Libya
Tripoli and Cyrenaica were Roman colonies until they were conquered by Arab Muslims in the 7th century. By...
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Cyrene Libya: Encyclopedia - Cyrene Libya
Cyrene, the ancient Greek city (in present-day Libya) was the oldest and most important of the five Greek cities in the region and gave e...
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Amphitheatre: Encyclopedia - Amphitheatre
The name amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is given to a public building of the Classical period (being particularly associated w...
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Flag Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Flag Of Libya - History
The first national flag of modern Libya was adopted when Libya gained independence from Italy in 1951. It consisted of a white crescent-a...
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Geography Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Libya - Geographical Summary
The Mediterranean coast and the Sahara Desert are the country's most prominent natural features. There are several highlands but no true ...
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Geography Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Libya - Climate And Hydrology
Within Libya as many as five different climatic zones have been recognized, but the dominant climatic influences are Mediterranean and Sa...
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Libya At The 2004 Summer Olympics: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya At The 2004 Summer Olympics - Results By Event
Libya at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Athletics.
Women's 400 metres:
Ruwida El Hubti - Round 1: 1:03.57 s (NR, did not advance)
Men's m...
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Islam In Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Libya - Islam In Revolutionary Libya
Under the revolutionary government, the role of orthodox Islam in Libyan life has become progressively more important. Qadhafi is a highl...
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Hiv Trial In Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Trial In Libya - Case History
The six accused were charged with:
committing actions on the territory of Libya which led to uncontrolled killing of people in an attemp...
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Islam In Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Libya - The Sanusis
The Sanusi movement was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its zawaayaa could be found in Tripolitania and Fezzan, but Sanusi in...
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Libya National Football Team: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya National Football Team - African Cup Of Nations
Libya national football team - Libya 82.
One memory which will live on in the minds of many Libyans is the 1982 African Cup Of Nations ...
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Geography Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Libya - Terrain And Land Use
Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
highes...
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Geography Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Libya - Environmental Concerns
Natural hazards: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
Envi...
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History Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Libya - Ancient Libya Tripolitania And Cyrenaica To 647 Ce
Since Neolithic times, the climate of North Africa has been drying. A reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalith...
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Hiv Trial In Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Trial In Libya - Incentives For A Resolution
On April 12, 2005, reports surfaced that Libya was considering a trade embargo with Bulgaria for what the Libyan government termed Bulgar...
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History Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Libya - Islamic Tripolitania And Cyrenaica 647-1911
An army of 40,000 Arabs, led by Abdallah ibn al-Sa’ad, the son of Said and foster-brother of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, penetrated Libya ...
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Libya National Football Team: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya National Football Team - History
Libya national football team - Overview.
Libya has not had what could be called an impressive footballing history but they ceratainly h...
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History Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Libya - Italian Colony 1911-1951
The attempted Italian colonization of the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica was never wholly successful. Several reorganiza...
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Hissène Habré: Encyclopedia Ii - Hissène Habré - War With Libya
Libya invaded Chad on July 1975 to drive out Habré. Libya occupied and annexed the Aozou Strip. France and the United States responded b...
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Geography Of Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Libya - Area And Boundaries
Area:
total: 1,759,540 km²
land: 1,759,540 km²
water: 0 km²
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
total: 4,...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - Libya And Revenge Attacks
After moving from Damascus in 1985 and settling in Tripoli, Abu Nidal and Colonel Gaddafi of Libya allegedly became great friends, Gaddaf...
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Hissène Habré: Encyclopedia Ii - Hissène Habré - The Early Years
Habré was born in 1942 in Chad, then a colony of France. After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administrati...
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Arab Socialist Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab Socialist Union - Egypt
Egypt
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Egypt
Constitution
President: Hosni Mubarak
Prime Minister: Ahmed N...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Invasion Of Libya
In 1820 Muhammad Ali gave orders to commence the conquest of eastern Libya. He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conque...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Compensation From Libya
On May 29, 2002 Libya offered $2.7 billion to settle claims by the families of the 270 killed in the Pan Am 103 bombing, representing $10...
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Hissène Habré: Encyclopedia Ii - Hissène Habré - Rise To The Presidency
On 29 August 1978, Habré was given the post of prime minister of Chad, replacing Félix Malloum in that position; Malloum had been both ...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Compensation From Libya
On May 29, 2002 Libya offered $2.7 billion to settle claims by the families of the 270 killed in the Pan Am 103 bombing, representing $10...
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Arab Socialist Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab Socialist Union - Lebanon
Lebanon
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Lebanon
Constitution
President: Emile Lahoud
Prime Minister: Foua...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - Early Life
Abu Nidal was born in May 1937 in the port of Jaffa on the Mediterranean coast of what was then the British Mandate of Palestine. His fat...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Seven Alternative Theories
Two controversial PA 103 topics appear in this sub-article:
Reopening the case
The framing of Libya
and seven alternative theories, whi...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Seven Alternative Theories
Two controversial PA 103 topics appear in this sub-article:
Reopening the case
The framing of Libya
and seven alternative theories, whi...
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Arab Socialist Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Arab Socialist Union - Syria
Syria
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Syria
Political parties in Syria
Presidents of Syria
Prime Minister...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - Death
Abu Nidal is known to have entered Iraq in 1999 after being expelled from Libya by Gaddafi, who was distancing himself from terrorism in ...
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Amphitheatre: Encyclopedia Ii - Amphitheatre - Contemporary Amphitheatres
In contemporary use, the term amphitheatre is often used to refer to semi-circular, acoustically vibrant performances spaces, particularl...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - Nature Of The Organization
By all accounts, the Fatah-RC reflected Abu Nidal's paranoid and possibly psychopathic personality, more of a mercenary group than one gu...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - Banking With Bcci
In the late 80s, Britain's intelligence services MI5 and MI6 discovered that the Fatah RC held several accounts with the Bank of Credit a...
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List Of Conflicts In The Middle East: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Conflicts In The Middle East - Iraq-kuwait Clashes
Kuwait and Iraq had a serious territorial dispute that led to armed warfare in 1973 and again in 1976. Iraq wanted Kuwait's oil and ports...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - Political Life
In Riyadh, he helped to found a small group of young Palestinians who called themselves the Palestine Secret Organization, and met his wi...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - The Split From The Plo
Just before the PLO expulsion from Jordan, and during the three years that followed it, several radical Palestinian and other Arab factio...
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Abu Nidal: Encyclopedia Ii - Abu Nidal - First Operation
Abu Nidal's first operation took place on September 5, 1973, when five gunmen seized the Saudi embassy in Paris, taking 13 hostages and t...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Campaign Against The Wahhabis
The suzerainty of the sultan he acknowledged, and at the reiterated commands of the Porte he despatched in 1811 an army of 8000 men, incl...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Ismail The Magnificent
The reign of Ismail, from 1863 to 1879, was for a while hailed as a new era into modern Egypt. He attempted vast schemes of reform, but t...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Second Arabian Campaign
Tusun returned to Egypt on hearing of the military revolt at Cairo, but died in 1816 at the early age of twenty. Muhammad Ali, dissatisfi...
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Italian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Italian Empire - Italian Colonial Possessions
Italian Empire - Italian East Africa.
The Italian colony in the southern part of Somaliland was established in 1889–90. In 1925 it w...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Seven Alternative Theories
Two controversial PA 103 topics appear in this sub-article:
Reopening the case
The framing of Libya
and seven alternative theories, whi...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Reforms
During Muhammad Ali's absence in Arabia his representative at Cairo had completed the confiscation, begun in 1808, of almost all the land...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Ahmad Revolt
In 1824 a native rebellion broke out in Upper Egypt headed by one Ahmad, an inhabitant of Es-Salimiya, a village situated a few miles abo...
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Italian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Italian Empire - Italian Possessions In Europe
Italian Empire - Albania.
Albania was already firmly within Italy's sphere of influence in 1939 when Mussolini decided it should formal...
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Chemical Weapon Proliferation: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Weapon Proliferation - Chemical Weapon Details Per Nation
Chemical weapon proliferation - Albania.
Albania, as a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention, declared in March 2003 a stockpile of ...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Greek Campaign
Muhammad Ali was fully conscious that the empire which he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of a...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - War With The Sultan
Ali went to war against the sultan on pretext of chastising the ex-slave Abdullah, pasha of Acre, for refusing to send back Egyptian fugi...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - End Of Ali's Rule
The end was reached early in 1841. New firmans were issued which confined the pashas authority to Egypt, the Sinai peninsula and certain ...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Muhammad Ali's Successors
On Ibrahim's death in November 1848 the government of Egypt fell to his nephew Abbas I, the son of Tusun Abbasad. Abbas put an end to the...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Dual Control
After a short period of inaction, when it seemed as if the change might be for the worse, England and France in November 1879, re-establi...
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Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors: Encyclopedia Ii - Egypt Under Muhammad Ali And His Successors - Egypt Occupied By The British
The British government decided to employ armed force, and invited France to cooperate. The French government declined, and a similar invi...
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Triumphal Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Triumphal Arch - Roman Triumphal Arches
The tradition dates back to Ancient Rome and is connected to the custom of the Roman triumphs granted by the Senate. Surprisingly little ...
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Triumphal Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Triumphal Arch - Post-roman Triumphal Arches
Triumphal arches in the Roman style were revived during the Renaissance, when there was a Europe-wide upwelling of interest in the art an...
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Triumphal Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Triumphal Arch - List Of Triumphal Arches
Permanent monumental triumphal arches include:
Triumphal arch - Algeria.
Timgad, Trajan's Arch, partially restored arch in a Roman col...
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Triumphal Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Triumphal Arch - Roman Triumphal Arches
The tradition dates back to Ancient Rome and is connected to the custom of the Roman triumphs granted by the Senate. Surprisingly little ...
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Triumphal Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Triumphal Arch - Post-roman Triumphal Arches
Triumphal arches in the Roman style were revived during the Renaissance, when there was a Europe-wide upwelling of interest in the art an...
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Triumphal Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Triumphal Arch - List Of Triumphal Arches
Permanent monumental triumphal arches include:
Triumphal arch - Algeria.
Timgad, Trajan's Arch, partially restored arch in a Roman col...
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State Terrorism: Encyclopedia Ii - State Terrorism - Confines And Definition
State terrorism, like terrorism, is controversial and there is no generally accepted definition. Often acts that critics describe as terr...
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State Terrorism: Encyclopedia Ii - State Terrorism - Methods Of State Terror
Unfair trials, torture, terror bombing, and extrajudicial execution are said to be common practices of state terror, often used to terror...
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State Terrorism: Encyclopedia Ii - State Terrorism - Acts Labelled As State Terrorism Sorted By State
State terrorism - Argentina.
The "Dirty War" in Argentina in the 1970s is a classic example of the use of terror tactics employed by a ...
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Jewish Exodus From Arab Lands: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Exodus From Arab Lands - Jews Flee Arab States 1948-
Beginning in the late 19th century, the Zionist movement led to an immigration of Jews to Ottoman-ruled Palestine (which did not exist as...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Motives
There were three motives for the attack on PA 103. Two were obvious:
Pan Am Flight 103 - April 1986 bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi.
On...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - The Passengers
PA 103 had started as PA 103A at Frankfurt International Airport in Frankfurt, West Germany, operated by a Boeing 727 for the leg to Heat...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - The Helsinki Warning
On December 7, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a security bulletin saying that, on December 5, a man with an Arab accent...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Last Contact With Flight 103
The flight was scheduled to depart at 18:00, and pushed back from the gate at 18:04, but because of a 25 minute delay, not unusual during...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - How The Aircraft Broke Up
The explosion punched a 20 inch (0.5 m) wide hole, almost directly under the P in Pan Am, on the left side of the fuselage. The disintegr...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - The Victims
Pan Am Flight 103 - The passengers and crew.
All 243 passengers and 16 crew members were killed. A Scottish Fatal Accident Inquiry, whi...
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Jewish Exodus From Arab Lands: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Exodus From Arab Lands - History Of Jews In Arab Lands Pre-1948
Excluding the region of Palestine, and omitting the accounts of Joseph and Moses as unverifiable, Jews have lived in what are now Arab st...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Motives
Two claims of responsibility were received the day after the bombing, neither of them taken seriously: one from Islamic Jihad, and anothe...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - The Investigation
The fuselage of the aircraft was reconstructed by air accident investigators, revealing a 20-inch hole consistent with an explosion in th...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Epilogue From The President's Commission
On September 29, 1989, President Bush appointed Ann McLaughlin Korologos, former Secretary of Labor, as chairman of the President's Commi...
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Jewish Exodus From Arab Lands: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Exodus From Arab Lands - Absorbing Jewish Refugees
Of the nearly 900,000 Jewish refugees, approximately 600,000 were absorbed by Israel; the remainder went to Europe and the Americas. Toda...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Memorials
There are a number of private and public memorials to the PA 103 victims. Dark Elegy is the work of sculptor Susan Lowenstein of Long Isl...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Depictions In Media
A 1990 HBO made-for-TV movie, The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story, depicts the events leading up to the bombing. [17]
Aftermath d...
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Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - The Helsinki Warning
On December 7, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a security bulletin saying that, on December 5, a man with an Arab accent...
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Encyclopedia
-
Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - Last Contact With Flight 103
The flight was scheduled to depart at 18:00, and pushed back from the gate at 18:04, but because of a 25 minute delay, not unusual during...
» Read the article
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Encyclopedia
-
Pan Am Flight 103: Encyclopedia Ii - Pan Am Flight 103 - How The Aircraft Broke Up
The explosion punched a 20 inch (0.5 m) wide hole, almost directly under the P in Pan Am, on the left side of the fuselage. The disintegr...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Economy
Main article: Economy of Libya
Libya's economy under the current Prime Minister (Ghanem) is undergoing an incredible business boom. Many ...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Economy
Main article: Economy of Libya
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all e...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Libya
Libya has a small population within its large territory, with a population density of about 50 person...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Culture
Main article: Culture of Libya
Libyan culture is, to a certain extent, similar to that of its other Arab North African neighbours and the...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Religion
Main article: Islam in Libya
Before the 1930's The Sanusi Movement was the main Islamic movement in Libya. The movement was a religious r...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Geography
Libya extends over 1,759,540 km², making it the 16th largest nation in the world. It is bound to the west by Tunisia and Algeria, the so...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Politics
There is a dual government structure in Libya. The "revolutionary sector" comprises Revolutionary Leader Qadhafi, the Revolutionary Commi...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Economy
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and about one-qu...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Demographics
Libya has a small population within its large territory, with a population density of about 50 persons per km² (80/sq. mi.) in the two n...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Culture
Libyan culture is, to a certain extent, similar to that of its other Arab North African neighbours and the Libyan people very much consid...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Religion
Before the 1930's The Sanusi Movement was the main Islamic movement in Libya. The movement was a religious revival adapted to desert life...
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Encyclopedia
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Politics
Main article: Politics of Libya
The Libyan system of government is quite unusual. Qaddafi claims that Libya is a "pure socialist state", ...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Geography
Main article: Geography of Libya
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia
Climate: Mediterra...
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Libya
Libya has a small population within its large territory, with population density of about 50 persons ...
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Encyclopedia
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Libya: Encyclopedia Ii - Libya - Politics
Main article: Politics of Libya
There is a dual government structure in Libya. The “revolutionary sector” comprises Revolutionary Lea...
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