Liao Dynasty

Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084 Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101 Tianqing (天慶 Ti ...

See also:

Table of Chinese monarchs, Table of Chinese monarchs - Xia Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Zhou Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sovereignties established by Wu Hu, Table of Chinese monarchs - Northern and Southern Dynasties, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sui Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Tang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Song Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Western Xia, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Ming dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shun Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Southern Ming Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qing dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Taiping Rebellion, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire

Read more here: » Table of Chinese monarchs: Encyclopedia II - Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty

In 907, Yelü Abaoji became head of the Khitan tribes. In 916, he created the Khitan state, naming himself Khan. In 918 he built the imperial capital, Huangdu (located at Bolo, in modern Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China). In 920 he promulgated the Khitan large script, used to write the Khitan language. In 922 he made Yelü Deguang commander of the Khitan military. In 926, Yelü Abaoji fell ill on the way back from a military expedition, and Empress Shulü became regent. In ...

See also:

Liao Dynasty, Liao Dynasty - History, Liao Dynasty - Extent, Liao Dynasty - Liao Dynasty 907-1125

Read more here: » Liao Dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Liao Dynasty - History

China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back 3,500 years. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty (商朝) have been carbon dated to around 1,500 BC. These records suggest that the origins of Chinese civilization started with city-states that may go back more than 5,000 years. Two thousand years ago is c ...

Including:

• History of China - Prehistoric times
• History of China - Ancient histories
• History of China - Xia Dynasty
• History of China - Shang Dynasty
• History of China - Zhou Dynasty
• History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire
• History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity
• History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties
• History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification
• History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity
• History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin
• History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty
• History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture
• History of China - Qing Dynasty
• History of China - The Republic of China
• History of China - Post modern independence

Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia - History of China

The swastika (from Sanskrit svastika) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles either left-facing (卍) or right-facing (卐). It is traditionally oriented so that a main line is horizontal, though it is occasionally rotated at forty-five degrees, and the Hindu version is often decorated with a dot in each quadrant. ...

Including:

• Swastika - Overview
• Swastika - Etymology and alternative names
• Swastika - History
• Swastika - Adoption of the swastika in the West
• Swastika - Geometry and symbolism
• Swastika - Sauwastika
• Swastika - Art and architecture
• Swastika - Religion and mythology
• Swastika - Hinduism
• Swastika - Buddhism
• Swastika - Jainism
• Swastika - The Abrahamic religions
• Swastika - Other Asian traditions
• Swastika - Native American traditions
• Swastika - Pre-Christian European traditions
• Swastika - Asatru
• Swastika - Early 20th century
• Swastika - Europe
• Swastika - North America
• Swastika - Nazi Germany
• Swastika - Taboo in Western countries
• Swastika - Apperance in Media

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The king or wang (王 wáng) was the Chinese head of state from the Zhou to Qin dynasties. After that, wang (sometimes translated "prince") became merely the head of the hierarchy of noble ranks. The title was commonly given to members of the Emperor's family and could be inherited. The characters huang (皇 huáng "god-king") and di (帝 dì "sage king") had been used separately and never consecutively (see Three Huang and five Di) and were reserved for mythological rulers until the first emperor of ...

Including:

• Chinese sovereign - How to read the titles of a Chinese sovereign
• Chinese sovereign - Some rules of thumb and helpful tips for reading a list of sovereigns
• Chinese sovereign - Some common conventions of naming Chinese sovereigns
• Chinese sovereign - Table of Chinese monarchs

Read more here: » Chinese sovereign: Encyclopedia - Chinese sovereign

Beijing ▶ (help·info) (Chinese: 北京; Hanyu Pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Beijing is one of the four municipalities of the PRC, equivalent to a province in China's administrative structure. Beijing Municipality ...

Including:

• Beijing - Names
• Beijing - History
• Beijing - Geography and climate
• Beijing - City layout
• Beijing - Neighbourhoods
• Beijing - Towns
• Beijing - Administrative divisions
• Beijing - Economy
• Beijing - Architecture
• Beijing - Demographics
• Beijing - Culture
• Beijing - Stereotypes
• Beijing - Transportation
• Beijing - Rail
• Beijing - Roads and expressways
• Beijing - Air
• Beijing - Public transit
• Beijing - Tourism
• Beijing - Buildings Monuments and Landmarks
• Beijing - Temples Cathedrals and Mosques
• Beijing - Parks and Gardens
• Beijing - Shopping and Commercial Districts
• Beijing - Hotels and Lodging
• Beijing - Nightlife
• Beijing - Education
• Beijing - Media
• Beijing - Television and Radio
• Beijing - Press
• Beijing - Sports
• Beijing - City and regional partnerships

Read more here: » Beijing: Encyclopedia - Beijing

Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earliest written record of China's past dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC, and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—the so-called oracle bones (甲骨文). However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Historical Records (史記) by Sima Qian (司馬遷), a renowned Chinese historiographer of the 2nd century B ...

See also:

History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - Post modern independence

Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ancient histories

Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 476 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan (燕) in the north and Jin (晉) in the south. Also during this period, a nomadic people known as Dí (狄) invaded the plains of northern China and established Zhongshan (中山) in central Hebei. During the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC), Jin was partitioned, and much of its territory w ...

See also:

Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - History

In ancient times Jilin was inhabited by various peoples, including the Mohe and the Wuji. The kingdom of Bohai was established in the area from 698 to 926 AD. The region then fell successively under the domination of the Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin, whose area of control extended to the Sea of Japan to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today. Immigration of Han ...

See also:

Jilin, Jilin - History, Jilin - Geography, Jilin - Administrative divisions, Jilin - Economy, Jilin - Demographics, Jilin - Culture, Jilin - Tourism, Jilin - Miscellaneous topics, Jilin - Professional Sports Teams, Jilin - Education

Read more here: » Jilin: Encyclopedia II - Jilin - History

Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. During the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan (燕 yān) in the north and Zhao (赵 zhào) in the south, before both succumbed to the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) ruled the area under two provinces (zhou), Youzhou Province (幽州 Yōuzhōu) in the north and Jizhou Province (冀州 Jìzhōu) in the south. At the end of the Han Dynas ...

See also:

Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - History

See also: Xianbei, Manchuria Liaoning is the southernmost part of the region historically known as Manchuria. The Qin and Han dynasties were able to establish rule over much of what is Liaoning; later on governments headed by various peoples such as the Xianbei, Goguryeo, Khitan and Jurchen ruled Liaoning. In the 17th century the Manchus had their capital in modern Shenyang, Liaoning, before they conquered the rest of China, setting up the Qing Dynasty in 1644. In the last half of the seventeenth century the imperial government recrui ...

See also:

Liaoning, Liaoning - History, Liaoning - Geography, Liaoning - Administrative divisions, Liaoning - Economy, Liaoning - Demographics, Liaoning - Culture, Liaoning - Tourism, Liaoning - Miscellaneous topics, Liaoning - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Liaoning: Encyclopedia II - Liaoning - History

The earliest swastika-like symbols preserved appear on pottery dated from around 4000 BC, as part of the "Vinca script". The Swastika symbol was also used as part of the Indus script from around 3000 BC, from which the later Hindu/Jain/Buddhist use of the symbol probably evolved. Pottery dating to ca. 2000 BC found at Sintashta is also decorated with the swastika symbol [4]. Swastika-like symbols also appear in Bronze and Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and Azerbayjan, as well as of Scythians and Sarmatians [5]. In ...

See also:

Swastika, Swastika - Overview, Swastika - Etymology and alternative names, Swastika - History, Swastika - Comet/bird hypothesis, Swastika - Early Hinduism, Swastika - Adoption of the swastika in the West, Swastika - Geometry and symbolism, Swastika - Sauwastika, Swastika - Art and architecture, Swastika - Religion and mythology, Swastika - Hinduism, Swastika - Buddhism, Swastika - Jainism, Swastika - The Abrahamic religions, Swastika - Other Asian traditions, Swastika - Native American traditions, Swastika - Pre-Christian European traditions, Swastika - Early 20th century, Swastika - Britain, Swastika - North America, Swastika - Russia, Swastika - Poland, Swastika - Finland, Swastika - Sweden, Swastika - Latvia, Swastika - Icelandic, Swastika - Ireland, Swastika - Nazi Germany, Swastika - Taboo in Western countries, Swastika - Popular culture and media, Swastika - Notes

Read more here: » Swastika: Encyclopedia II - Swastika - History

Beijing (北京) literally means "northern capital", in line with the common East Asian tradition whereby capital cities are explicitly named as such. Other cities similarly named include Nanjing (南京), China, meaning "southern capital"; Tokyo (東京), Japan, and Tonkin (東京; now Hanoi), Vietnam, both meaning "eastern capital"; as well as Kyoto (京都), Japan, and Gyeongseong (京城; now Seoul), Kore ...

See also:

Beijing, Beijing - Names, Beijing - History, Beijing - Geography and climate, Beijing - City layout, Beijing - Neighbourhoods, Beijing - Towns, Beijing - Administrative divisions, Beijing - Economy, Beijing - Architecture, Beijing - Demographics, Beijing - Culture, Beijing - Stereotypes, Beijing - Transportation, Beijing - Rail, Beijing - Roads and expressways, Beijing - Air, Beijing - Public transit, Beijing - Tourism, Beijing - Buildings Monuments and Landmarks, Beijing - Temples Cathedrals and Mosques, Beijing - Parks and Gardens, Beijing - Shopping and Commercial Districts, Beijing - Hotels and Lodging, Beijing - Nightlife, Beijing - Education, Beijing - Media, Beijing - Television and Radio, Beijing - Press, Beijing - Sports, Beijing - City and regional partnerships

Read more here: » Beijing: Encyclopedia II - Beijing - Names

From 629 to 648, a reunited China--under the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618-906) --destroyed the power of the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi; established suzerainty over the Kitan, a semi-nomadic Mongol people who lived in areas that became the modern Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin; and formed an alliance with the Uighurs, who inhabited the region between the Altai Mountains and Lake Balkash. Between 641 and 648, the Tang conquered the Western Türk, reestablishing Chinese sovereignty over Xinjiang and exacting tribute f ...

See also:

Mongols before Genghis Khan, Mongols before Genghis Khan - Origins of the Mongols, Mongols before Genghis Khan - Xiongnu and Yuezhi, Mongols before Genghis Khan - Donghu Toba and Ruruan, Mongols before Genghis Khan - Rise of the Türk, Mongols before Genghis Khan - Influence of Tang China, Mongols before Genghis Khan - Sources

Read more here: » Mongols before Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Mongols before Genghis Khan - Influence of Tang China

Korean claims over Gando stem from what is perceived as an ambiguity in the original Sino-Korean boundary agreement. After several attempts by the Kangxi Emperor to negotiate the issue, in 1712, the Joseon of Korea and Qing of China agreed to dilineate the boundaries of the two countries at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. The Qing delegation was led by Mukedeng, and the Joseon delegation was led by Pak Kwon, and the two held a joint commission to survey and demarcate the boundaries between the two states. Efforts were taken to locate the s ...

See also:

Gando, Gando - History, Gando - Boundary claims, Gando - Images

Read more here: » Gando: Encyclopedia II - Gando - Boundary claims

Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn Period, parts of Hebei, including the state of Xingguo, were conquered by fierce aristocratic nomadic people known as the Red Di. They were eventually absorbed into the local population. During the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan (燕 yān) in the north and Zhao (赵 zhào) in the south, before both succumbed to the Qi ...

See also:

Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - History

Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earliest written record of China's past dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC, and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—the so-called oracle bones (甲骨文). However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Historical Records (史記) by Sima Qian (司馬遷), a renowned Chinese historiographer of the 2nd century B ...

See also:

History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present

Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ancient histories

After the fall of Goguryeo in 668 and the brief Chinese Occupation, Kingdom of Balhae, composed of Koreans and Mohe, was established and ruled Manchuria, including today's Russian Maritime Province. Right after the fall of Goguryeo, the Turks(Gokturks) were divided and eventually driven out from most of Central Asia by Chinese Tang Dynasty. Another Turkic tribe, the Uighurs, replaced Gokturks but their control was not very strong. As all three of Balhae, Uighur and Tang Dynasty weakened, the Tungusic race of Khitans emerged in the reg ...

See also:

Goryeo-Khitan Wars, Goryeo-Khitan Wars - Background, Goryeo-Khitan Wars - Timeline, Goryeo-Khitan Wars - Goryeo-Khitan Wars

Read more here: » Goryeo-Khitan Wars: Encyclopedia II - Goryeo-Khitan Wars - Background

Gojoseon, Jin Proto-Three Kingdoms:  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan, Gaya Three Kingdoms:  Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla Unified Silla, Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo Joseon Japanese Rule Divided Korea:  N. Korea, S. Korea List of Monarchs < ...

See also:

Balhae, Balhae - History, Balhae - Founding, Balhae - Expansion and foreign relations, Balhae - Fall and legacy, Balhae - Government and culture, Balhae - Characterization and political interpretation

Read more here: » Balhae: Encyclopedia II - Balhae - History

The earliest swastika-like symbols preserved appear on pottery dated from around 4000 BC, as part of the "Vinca script". The Swastika symbol was also used as part of the Indus script from around 3000 BC, from which the later Hindu/Jain/Buddhist use of the symbol probably evolved. Pottery dating to ca. 2000 BC found at Sintashta is also decorated with the swastika symbol [4]. Swastika-like symbols also appear in Bronze and Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and Azerbayjan, as well as of Scythians and Sarmatians [5]. In ...

See also:

Swastika, Swastika - Overview, Swastika - Etymology and alternative names, Swastika - History, Swastika - Adoption of the swastika in the West, Swastika - Geometry and symbolism, Swastika - Sauwastika, Swastika - Art and architecture, Swastika - Religion and mythology, Swastika - Hinduism, Swastika - Buddhism, Swastika - Jainism, Swastika - The Abrahamic religions, Swastika - Other Asian traditions, Swastika - Native American traditions, Swastika - Pre-Christian European traditions, Swastika - Early 20th century, Swastika - Britain, Swastika - North America, Swastika - Russia, Swastika - Poland, Swastika - Finland, Swastika - Sweden, Swastika - Latvia, Swastika - Icelandic, Swastika - Ireland, Swastika - Nazi Germany, Swastika - Taboo in Western countries, Swastika - Popular culture and media, Swastika - Notes

Read more here: » Swastika: Encyclopedia II - Swastika - History