Antipater (in Greek Αντίπατρος; lived c. 397 BC–319 BC) was a Macedonian general and a supporter of kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. In 320 BC he became regent of all of Alexander's empire. Antipater - Career under Philip and Alexander. Nothing is known of his early career until 342 BC, when he was appointed by Philip to govern Macedon as his regent while the former left the country for three years of hard and successful campaigning against Thracian and Scythians tribes ...

Including:

• Antipater - Career under Philip and Alexander
• Antipater - The fight for succession
• Antipater - Regent of the Empire
• Antipater - Alexander's assassin?

Read more here: » Antipater: Encyclopedia - Antipater

Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. It refers not only to the geographical peninsula of modern Greece, but also to areas of Hellenic culture that were settled in ancient times by Greeks: Cyprus, the Aegean coast of Turkey (then known as Ionia), Sicily and southern Italy (known as Magna Graecia), and the scattered Greek settlements on the coasts of what are now Albania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Libya, southern France, sout ...

Including:

• Ancient Greece - Origins
• Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas
• Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict
• Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars
• Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens
• Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War
• Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance
• Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon
• Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander
• Ancient Greece - Society
• Ancient Greece - Social Structure
• Ancient Greece - Way of Life
• Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece

Nothing is known of his early career until 342 BC, when he was appointed by Philip to govern Macedon as his regent while the former left the country for three years of hard and successful campaigning against Thracian and Scythians tribes, which extended the limits of Macedonian rule as far as the Hellespont. In the meanwhile in 342 BC he acted so to keep the Athenians at bay: when they tried to assume control of the Euboean towns and expel the pro-Macedonian rulers, Macedonian troops were sent to stop the attempt. In the autumn of the same y ...

See also:

Antipater, Antipater - Career under Philip and Alexander, Antipater - The fight for succession, Antipater - Regent of the Empire, Antipater - Alexander's assassin?

Read more here: » Antipater: Encyclopedia II - Antipater - Career under Philip and Alexander

The record of the earliest days of Thebes was preserved among the Greeks in an abundant mass of legends which rival the myths of Troy in their wide ramification and the influence which they exerted upon the literature of the classical age. Five main cycles of story may be distinguished: The foundation of the citadel Cadmea by Cadmus, and the growth of the Sparti or "Sown Men" (probably an aetiological myth designed to explain the origin of the Theban nobility which bore that name in historical times); The building of a ...

See also:

Thebes Greece, Thebes Greece - History, Thebes Greece - Bibliography, Thebes Greece - Notes

Read more here: » Thebes Greece: Encyclopedia II - Thebes Greece - History

At the battle, the Boeotians faced off against a group of Athenians led by Hippocrates. The Boeotians charged down a hill at the Athenian army, while the Athenians, having been surprised by their sudden appearance, got themselves together and charged up the hill. On the Boeotian left were men from the town of Thespiae. On their right, Pagondas had placed his own Thebans. Remarkably though, he chose to stack his Thebans twenty-five shields deep, rather than the standard eight, to give them more pushing-power and pu ...

See also:

Pagondas, Pagondas - Biographical information, Pagondas - Delium, Pagondas - Aftereffects

Read more here: » Pagondas: Encyclopedia II - Pagondas - Delium

Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese. For about a year after the victory at Leuctra, Epaminondas occupied himself with consolidating the Boeotian confederacy, compelling the previously Spartan-aligned polis of Orchomenus to join the league. In late 370 BC, however, as the Spartans under Agesilaus attempted to discipline their newly restive ally Mantinea, Epaminondas decided to capitalize on his victory by invading the Peloponnese and shattering Sparta's power once and for all. Forcing his way past the ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - The 360s BC

The distinguishing features of ancient Greek society were the division between free and slave, the differing roles of men and women, the relative lack of status distinctions based on birth, and the importance of religion. The way of life of the Athenians was more common in the Greek world than Sparta's special system. Ancient Greece - Social Structure. Only free people could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. In most city-states, unlike Rome, social promenece did not al ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Society

In the following list the couples are listed in chronological order, and the name of the older partner precedes that of the younger. Though many more men are known to have engaged in such relationships, only those instances in which the name of the younger partner is known are included. In keeping with the Socratic tradition which allows (and actually privileges) the existence of chaste pederastic relationships (See Platonic love), included below are relationships in which there is e ...

See also:

Historical pederastic couples, Historical pederastic couples - Problematics of the pederastic record, Historical pederastic couples - Typology of relationships, Historical pederastic couples - Known or presumed pederastic couples, Historical pederastic couples - Antiquity, Historical pederastic couples - Middle Ages, Historical pederastic couples - Pre-modern period, Historical pederastic couples - 20th and 21st centuries, Historical pederastic couples - Sources

Read more here: » Historical pederastic couples: Encyclopedia II - Historical pederastic couples - Known or presumed pederastic couples

Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371. No source states exactly when Epaminondas was first elected a Boeotarch, but by 371 BC he was in office and, the following year, leading the Boeotian delegation to a peace conference held at Sparta. A feeble attempt at a Common Peace had been made in 375, but desultory fighting between Athens and Sparta had resumed by 373 (at the latest). Thebes, meanwhile, was strengthening its confederation. By 371 Athens and Sparta were again war-weary, so a conference was called. There, ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - 371 BC

Epaminondas lived at a particularly turbulent point in Greek and Theban history. Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Sparta had embarked upon an aggressively unilateralist policy towards the rest of Greece and quickly alienated many of its former allies. Thebes, meanwhile, had greatly increased its own power during the war and sought to gain control of the other cities of Boeotia (the central territory of ancient Greece). This policy, along with other disputes, brought Thebes into conflict with Sparta. By 395 BC Thebes, alo ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Early career

Epaminondas' father Polymnis was an impoverished scion of an old Theban noble family. Nonetheless, in Epaminondas' youth he was provided with an excellent education; his musical teachers were among the best in their disciplines, as was his dance instructor. Most notably, his philosophy instructor Lysis of Tarentum (who had come to live with Polymnis in his exile) was one of the last major Pythagorean philosophers. Epaminondas was devoted to ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life

Even though Epaminondas was a historically significant figure of his time there is comparatively little information about his life available to modern scholars, and no one ancient historian gives a complete picture. Some of the notable biographies include works by Nepos, Pausanias, Plutarch, Diodorus Siculus and Xenophon; not all of them have survived to the present day. Cornelius Nepos's biography of Epaminondas was short, and a few more scraps of information can be found in Pausanias's Description of Greece. Plutarch wrote a ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Historical record

The Greek cities were originally monarchies, although many of them were very small and the term "King" (basileus) for their rulers is misleadingly grand. In a country always short of farmland, power rested with a small class of landowners, who formed a warrior aristocracy fighting frequent petty inter-city wars over land and rapidly ousting the monarchy. About this time the rise of a mercantile class (shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC) introduced class conflict into the larger cities. From 650 BC onwards, the aristo ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict

Extant biographies of Epaminondas universally describe him as one of the most talented men produced by the Greek city-states in their final 150 years of independence. In military affairs he stands above every other tactician in Greek history, with the possible exception of Philip of Macedon, although modern historians have questioned his larger strategic vision[23]. His innovative strategy at Leuctra allowed him to defeat the vaunted Spartan phalanx with a ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Legacy

Pagondas's theretofore unseen employment of tactics in combat set the stage for his fellow Theban Epaminondas's brilliant command at Leuctra, considered one of the most astounding tactical victories in the history of warfare. How much Epaminondas learned directly from Pagondas and Delium is lost to history, but the connection seems clear. In turn, Philip of Macedon, who was raised in Boeotia as a hostage and was a student of the Peloponnesian War, would go on to develop further the tactical ideas originated by Pagondas. In turn, his legacy would be fol ...

See also:

Pagondas, Pagondas - Biographical information, Pagondas - Delium, Pagondas - Aftereffects

Read more here: » Pagondas: Encyclopedia II - Pagondas - Aftereffects

In the 8th century BC Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet to Greek and from about 800 BC written records begin to appear. Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern dictated by Greek geography, where every island, valley and plain is cut ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas

In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its colonies, Corcyra (modern-day Corfu), in which Athens intervened. The obviate cause was the growing resentment of Sparta and its allies at the dominance of Athens over Greek affairs. The war lasted 27 years, partly because Athens (a naval power) and Sparta (a land-based military power) found it difficult to come to grips with each other. Sparta's initial strategy was to invade Attica, but the Athenia ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War

In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its colonies, Corcyra (modern-day Corfu), in which Athens intervened. The obvious cause was the growing resentment of Sparta and its allies at the dominance of Athens over Greek affairs. The war lasted 27 years, partly because Athens (a naval power) and Sparta (a land-based military power) found it difficult to come to grips with each other. Sparta's initial strategy was to invade Attica, but the Athenia ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War

In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid. In 490 BC the Persian Great King, Darius I, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. The Persians landed in Attica, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek a ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars

The end of the Peloponnesian War left Sparta the master of Greece, but the narrow outlook of the Spartan warrior elite did not suit them to this role. Within a few years the democratic party regained power in Athens and other cities. In 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes, and Corinth, the latter two formerly Spartan allies, challenged Spartan dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387 BC. That same year Sparta shocked Greek opinion by conc ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance