The origin of the Leibzoll may be traced to the political position of the Jews in Germany, where they were considered crown property and, therefore, under the king's protection. In his capacity as Holy Roman emperor the king claimed the exclusive rights of the jurisdiction and taxation of the Jews, and was responsible for the protection of their lives and their property. He granted them protection either by a guard or by safe-conduct; chiefly by the latter, for the Jews, being extensive travelers, when they went on long business trips could ...

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Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

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Blood money is money paid by a killer as compensation to the next of kin of a murder victim. The idea of paying money in order to terminate a blood feud (vendetta) has found occasional application in many societies in centuries past; however, with the exception of the Islamic tradition detailed below, the concept has been universally reprobated. Blood money - Islamic and Arab Tradition. In Islamic and Arab traditions, blood money is the money paid by the killer or his family or clan to the fam ...

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• Blood money - Islamic and Arab Tradition
• Blood money - Legally prescribed rates

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Jizya - Qur'an. The imposition of jizya upon non-Muslims is mandated by Sura 9.29 of the Qur'an. Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold forbidden that which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.1 ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

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This kind of payment was not unique for England. According to Snorri Sturluson and Rimbert, Finland and the Baltic states paid the same kind of tribute to the Swedes. In fact, the Primary chronicle relates that the regions paying protection money extended east towards Moscow, until the Finnish and Slavic tribes rebelled, fell into disarray and invited Rurik. Similarly, the Sami peoples were frequently forced ...

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Danegeld, Danegeld - History, Danegeld - The total cost, Danegeld - Danegeld in a runestone, Danegeld - Danegeld in a poem

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In Islamic and Arab traditions, blood money is the money paid by the killer or his family or clan to the family or the clan of the victim (compare weregild and główczyzna). The tradition finds repeated endorsement in Islamic tradition; several instances are recorded in the Hadith, which are the acts of the Prophet Mohammad. Blood money - Legally prescribed rates. The Blood-Money tradition has found its way into legislation in several Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Pakistan. So ...

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Blood money, Blood money - Islamic and Arab Tradition, Blood money - Legally prescribed rates

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Cantonists (Russian language: Кантонисты) were sons of Russian private soldiers who from 1805 were educated in special "canton schools" (Кантонистские школы) for future military service (the schools were called garrison schools in the 18th century); after 1827 the term was applied also to Jewish boys, who were drafted to military service at the age of twelve and placed for their military education in cantonist schools of distant provinces. Like other conscripts, they were forced to serve in the Russi ...

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Cantonist, Cantonist - Cantonists in Prussia, Cantonist - Cantonists in Russia

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Danegeld is the subject of a poem by Rudyard Kipling. ...

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Danegeld, Danegeld - History, Danegeld - The total cost, Danegeld - Danegeld in a runestone, Danegeld - Danegeld in a poem

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Shakir and Khalifa's English translations of the Qur'an render jizya as "tax", while Pickthal translates it as "tribute". Yusuf Ali prefers to transliterate the term as jizyah. Commentators disagree on the definition and derivation of the word jizya: Yusuf Ali states "The derived meaning, which became the technical meaning, was a poll-tax levied from those who did not accept Islam, but were willing to live under the protection of Islam, and were thus tacitly willing to submit to its ideals being enfor ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

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Criticism of jizya has typically focused not only on its specific application to non-Muslims, but its alleged humiliating nature. It has been described as a demonstration of "constitutional inferiority and humiliation"[19] and criticized for the alleged "consistent, intentionally humiliating character of its application".[20] According to orientalist S.D. Goitein in Evidence on the Muslim Po ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

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A runestone near Stockholm (U344) relates of a Swede who took three Danegelds under three different leaders: in ulfr hafir onklati * Þru kialtakat Þit uas fursta Þis tursti * Þa — Þurktil * Þa kalt knutr Translation: "But Ulf has taken three danegelds in England. The first one was with Toste, the second one with Thorkel and the third one with Canute the Great". ...

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Danegeld, Danegeld - History, Danegeld - The total cost, Danegeld - Danegeld in a runestone, Danegeld - Danegeld in a poem

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Jizya was applied to every free adult male member of the People of the Book, and/or non-Muslim living in lands under Muslim rule. There was no amount permanently fixed for it, though the payment usually depended on wealth: the Kitab al-Kharaj of Abu Yusuf sets the amounts at 48 dirhams for the richest (e.g. moneychangers), 24 for those of moderate wealth, and 12 for craftsmen and manual laborers.2 Females, children, the poor, and hermits were exempt from it. The disabled ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

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Jizya was levied in the time of Muhammad on vassal tribes under Muslim protection, including Jews in Khaybar, Christians in Najran, and Zoroastrians in Bahrain. W. Montgomery Watt traces its origin to a pre-Islamic practice among the Arabian nomads wherein a powerful tribe would agree to protect its weaker neighbors in exchange for a tribute, which would be refunded if the protection proved ineffectual.< ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

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Certain exemptions from Leibzoll were granted. Under the Austrian law of 1244, corpses were exempt. Albrecht III gave free safe-conduct to three Austrian Jews to bring "etrogim" from Triest free of duty in 1389 (Scherer, l.c. p. 535). The Jews living within the territory of the Elector of Mayence were exempted from Leibzoll when they were traveling to attend one of the regular landtags, or meetings of the district congregations (see Bamberger, "Histor. Berichte über die Juden der Stadt Aschaffenburg," p. 26, Strasburg, 1900). As a mark of s ...

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Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

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The adoption of this policy was dictated by absolute necessity. Owing to the weakness of the federal power of the German empire Jews expelled from a place could easily settle in the vicinity, and on the strength of their passports do business in the place from which they had been expelled. So the Jews expelled from Nuremberg in 1499 settled in Fürth; those expelled from Nördlingen (1507) settled in Kleinerdlingen; those who could not gain entrance into the city of Lübeck settled in the village of Moisling—all places of settlement within ...

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Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

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