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Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolution. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski, declare technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery, barbarism, and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, like fire, the bow, and pottery in the savage era, domestication of animals, agriculture, and metalworking in the barbarian ...

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Law of Accelerating Returns, Law of Accelerating Returns - Precursors, Law of Accelerating Returns - Criticisms, Law of Accelerating Returns - Gallery

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Happiness - Biological basis. While a person's overall happiness is not objectively measurable this does not mean it does not have a real physiological component. The neurotransmitter dopamine, perhaps especially in the mesolimbic pathway projecting from the midbrain to structures such as the nucleus accumbens, is involved in desire and seems often related to pleasure. Pleasure can be induced artificially with drugs, perhaps most directly with opiates such as morphine, with activity on mu-opioid receptors or invo ...

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Happiness, Happiness - Terminology, Happiness - Psychological views, Happiness - Positive psychology, Happiness - Mechanistic view, Happiness - Biological basis, Happiness - Difficulties in defining internal experiences, Happiness - In non-human animals, Happiness - In humans, Happiness - In Artificial intelligence, Happiness - Positive effect study, Happiness - Behaviors and emotions associated with happiness

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Main articles: IQ, General intelligence factor Despite the variety of concepts of intelligence, the most influential approach to understanding intelligence (i.e., the one that has generated the most systematic research) is based on psychometric testing. Intelligence, narrowly defined, can be measured by intelligence tests, also called IQ (intelligence quotient) tests. Such tests are among the most accurate (reliable and valid) psychological tests. Such intelligence tests take many forms, but the common tests (Stanford-Bi ...

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Intelligence trait, Intelligence trait - Definitions of intelligence, Intelligence trait - Psychometric intelligence, Intelligence trait - Intelligence, IQ, and g, Intelligence trait - Criticisms of the psychometric approach, Intelligence trait - One or several types of intelligence?, Intelligence trait - Controversies

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Most experts accept the concept of a single dominant factor of intelligence, general mental ability or g, while others argue that intelligence consists of a set of relatively independent abilities (American Psychological Association task force report, Gottfredson 1998). The evidence for g comes from factor analysis of tests of cognitive abilities. The methods of factor analysis do not guarantee a single dominant factor will be discovered. Other psychological tests which do not meas ...

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Intelligence trait, Intelligence trait - Definitions of intelligence, Intelligence trait - Psychometric intelligence, Intelligence trait - Intelligence, IQ, and g, Intelligence trait - Criticisms of the psychometric approach, Intelligence trait - One or several types of intelligence?, Intelligence trait - Controversies

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At least two major "consensus" definitions of intelligence have been proposed. First, from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" a report of a task force convened by the American Psychological Association: Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a ...

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Intelligence trait, Intelligence trait - Definitions of intelligence, Intelligence trait - Psychometric intelligence, Intelligence trait - Intelligence, IQ, and g, Intelligence trait - Criticisms of the psychometric approach, Intelligence trait - One or several types of intelligence?, Intelligence trait - Controversies

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Theory of multiple intelligences - Thinking. To do with words, spoken or written. People who specialise in this area are generally good at writing, oration and (to a lesser extent) learning from lectures. They also tend to have broad vocabularies and learn languages easily. To do with numbers, with logic and abstractions. Those who favour this intelligence generally excel in mathematics and computer programming, and are often jacks of all trades by virtue of logic. Careers might include tho ...

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Theory of multiple intelligences, Theory of multiple intelligences - Gardner's Categories of Intelligence, Theory of multiple intelligences - Thinking, Theory of multiple intelligences - Sensational, Theory of multiple intelligences - Communicational, Theory of multiple intelligences - Naturalist, Theory of multiple intelligences - Proposed areas, Theory of multiple intelligences - Relationship to education, Theory of multiple intelligences - Opposing Views, Theory of multiple intelligences - Works

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A literature review [1] carried out in 2004 in the UK by a team from Newcastle University identified 71 different theories of learning style. The researchers, led by Prof. Frank Coffield (now at London's Institute of Education), selected 13 of the most influential models for closer study (including most of the models cited on this page). To ensure consistency they applied the same criteria to each: examining theoretical origins, definition of terms, the instrument itself, the claims made by the author(s), external studies of these claims and independent empirica ...

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Learning styles, Learning styles - Learning Styles Models, Learning styles - Visual Aural Kinesthetic VAK and VARK, Learning styles - VARK Assessments, Learning styles - Discussion of Other Models, Learning styles - Criticisms, Learning styles - Related topics

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Substitute Teacher Day is a product of the NEA (National Educator Association) and strives to increase the information and appreciation of the substitute teacher. It tries to increase respect, encouragement to provide continual professional development, advocate for better wage and health benefits, and provide a reminder for the respect that substitute teachers deserve. Substitute Teacher Day is observed on the Friday during the American Educ ...

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Teacher, Teacher - Related positions, Teacher - University teachers, Teacher - Senior teachers, Teacher - Emergency teachers, Teacher - Qualification and registration, Teacher - Australia, Teacher - Canada, Teacher - England and Wales, Teacher - Scotland, Teacher - United States, Teacher - World Teacher's Day, Teacher - Substitute Teacher's Day, Teacher - Readings

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Some claim the exponential growth of technological progress may become linear or inflected or may begin to flatten into a limited-growth curve. In this model, instead of an overall acceleration of progress, technological advance jumps forward whenever there is a human "buy in" and stalls whenever there is no benefit large enough to profit the technologists, and therefore never gets steep enough to be considered a singularity. Examples of large human "buy-ins" into technology include the computer revolution, as well as massive governme ...

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Law of Accelerating Returns, Law of Accelerating Returns - Precursors, Law of Accelerating Returns - Criticisms, Law of Accelerating Returns - Gallery

Read more here: » Law of Accelerating Returns: Encyclopedia II - Law of Accelerating Returns - Criticisms

Most experts accept the concept of a single dominant factor of intelligence, general mental ability or g, while others argue that intelligence consists of a set of relatively independent abilities (American Psychological Association task force report, Gottfredson 1998). The evidence for g comes from factor analysis of tests of cognitive abilities. The methods of factor analysis do not guarantee a single dominant factor will be discovered. Other psychological tests which do not meas ...

See also:

Intelligence trait, Intelligence trait - Definitions of intelligence, Intelligence trait - Psychometric intelligence, Intelligence trait - Intelligence IQ and g, Intelligence trait - Criticisms of the psychometric approach, Intelligence trait - One or several types of intelligence?, Intelligence trait - Controversies

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Kurzweil created the following graphs to illustrate his beliefs concerning and his justification for his Law of Accelerating Returns. Mass use of inventions: Years until use by a quarter of US population US Patents granted, 1870–2005 Time periods between key events in human history shrink exponentially Computer power grows exponentially Time periods between key events in human history shrink exponentially Exponential growth in supercomputer power Moore's Law expanded to other technologies Time periods b ...

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Law of Accelerating Returns, Law of Accelerating Returns - Precursors, Law of Accelerating Returns - Criticisms, Law of Accelerating Returns - Gallery

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To be considered a bonafide agent, an agent (software, hardware or otherwise) must exhibit the behavioural qualities of agenthood. Essentially this means perceiving the software environment through sensors and acting on the environment through actuators. This must be accomplished autonomously. Agents are one of the most prominent and attractive technologies in computer science at the beginning of the new millennium. The technologies, methods, and theories of agents and multiagent systems are currently contributing to many diver ...

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Agent environment, Agent environment - Agents, Agent environment - Environments, Agent environment - Observable & partially observable, Agent environment - Deterministic stochastic & strategic, Agent environment - Episodic & sequential, Agent environment - Static & dynamic, Agent environment - Discrete & continuous, Agent environment - Single-agent & multiple agent, Agent environment - Overview of environments, Agent environment - Reference

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"What is the meaning of life?" is a question many people ask themselves at some point during their lives. Some people believe that the meaning of life is one or more of the following: Survival and temporal success ...to accumulate wealth and increase social status ...to compete or co-operate with others ...to destroy others who harm you, or to practice nonviolence and nonresistance ...to gain and exercise power ...to leave a legacy, such as a work of art or a book ...to ...

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Meaning of life, Meaning of life - Popular beliefs, Meaning of life - Scientific approaches and theories, Meaning of life - Philosophical views, Meaning of life - Value as meaning, Meaning of life - Atheist views, Meaning of life - Existentialist views, Meaning of life - Humanist views, Meaning of life - Nihilist views, Meaning of life - Positivist views, Meaning of life - Pragmatist views, Meaning of life - Transhumanist views, Meaning of life - Religious beliefs, Meaning of life - Spiritual views, Meaning of life - Humorous treatments, Meaning of life - General philosophy topics, Meaning of life - General philosophy lists

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Schools emphasize the development of logical intelligence and linguistic intelligence (mainly reading and writing). People may also have various degrees of spatial intelligence (such as that possessed by architects and sculptors), kinesthetic intelligence (athletes and ballet dancers for instance), musical intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence (ability to reflect and know oneself) and interpersonal intelligence. According to Gardner, schools must strive to develop all intelligences, at the same time recognizing that children will ...

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Theory of multiple intelligences, Theory of multiple intelligences - Gardner's Categories of Intelligence, Theory of multiple intelligences - Thinking, Theory of multiple intelligences - Sensational, Theory of multiple intelligences - Communicational, Theory of multiple intelligences - Naturalist, Theory of multiple intelligences - Proposed areas, Theory of multiple intelligences - Relationship to education, Theory of multiple intelligences - Opposing Views, Theory of multiple intelligences - Works

Read more here: » Theory of multiple intelligences: Encyclopedia II - Theory of multiple intelligences - Relationship to education

(see Neuropsychology and Cognitive neuropsychology) Different neuroimaging techniques have been developed to investigate in the activity of neural networks. The use of 'brain scanners' or functional neuroimaging to investigate the structure or function of the brain is common, either as simply a way of better assessing brain injury with high resolution pictures, or by examining the relative activations of different brain areas. Such technologies may include fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tom ...

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Biological neural network, Biological neural network - Early study, Biological neural network - Connections between neurons, Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks, Biological neural network - Philosophical issues, Biological neural network - Study methods

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Happiness - Positive psychology. Martin Seligman in his book Authentic Happiness gives the positive psychology definition of happiness as consisting of both positive emotions (like comfort) and positive activities (like absorption). He presents three categories of positive emotions: past: feelings of satisfaction, contentment, pride, and serenity. present (examples): enjoying the taste of food, glee at listening to music, absorption in reading, and company of people you like e.g. friends and family. future: feelings of opt ...

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Happiness, Happiness - Terminology, Happiness - Psychological views, Happiness - Positive psychology, Happiness - Mechanistic view, Happiness - Biological basis, Happiness - Difficulties in defining internal experiences, Happiness - In non-human animals, Happiness - In humans, Happiness - In Artificial intelligence, Happiness - Positive effect study, Happiness - Behaviors and emotions associated with happiness

Read more here: » Happiness: Encyclopedia II - Happiness - Psychological views

The following behaviors and emotions are commonly associated with happiness: Material: Business Food Money Refuge - taking from the material things in life, getting back to nature. Social: closure Dating Flirting Freedom Family, Parents, Friends and Friendships Gifts Greeting cards, Postcards and Penpals Lifestyles and Alternative lifestyl ...

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Happiness, Happiness - Terminology, Happiness - Psychological views, Happiness - Positive psychology, Happiness - Mechanistic view, Happiness - Biological basis, Happiness - Difficulties in defining internal experiences, Happiness - In non-human animals, Happiness - In humans, Happiness - In Artificial intelligence, Happiness - Positive effect study, Happiness - Behaviors and emotions associated with happiness

Read more here: » Happiness: Encyclopedia II - Happiness - Behaviors and emotions associated with happiness

A teacher who registers a student, or who is positioned to help the student in a particular subject, is called a "tutor". A teacher or trainer from whom a student learns a great deal may be called a "mentor". (However this term is not used, in this context, in the UK.) An "educationalist" is an educational theorist, writer or researcher. In traditional China, the model teacher, Confucius, is greatly revered. A Chinese term for teacher is shifu or laoshi. See also:

Teacher, Teacher - Related positions, Teacher - University teachers, Teacher - Senior teachers, Teacher - Emergency teachers, Teacher - Qualification and registration, Teacher - Australia, Teacher - Canada, Teacher - England and Wales, Teacher - Scotland, Teacher - United States, Teacher - World Teacher's Day, Teacher - Substitute Teacher's Day, Teacher - Readings

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The very concept "the meaning of life" has become such a cliché that it has often been parodied, such as in the radio series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, later released as a novel, a television series, a film, and a computer game. His answer was 42. As the story goes, an advanced race of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings (mice) builds a gigantic computer called Deep Thought to find the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything. Seven and a half million years later, the computer gives the answer: "4 ...

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Meaning of life, Meaning of life - Popular beliefs, Meaning of life - Scientific approaches and theories, Meaning of life - Philosophical views, Meaning of life - Value as meaning, Meaning of life - Atheist views, Meaning of life - Existentialist views, Meaning of life - Humanist views, Meaning of life - Nihilist views, Meaning of life - Positivist views, Meaning of life - Pragmatist views, Meaning of life - Transhumanist views, Meaning of life - Religious beliefs, Meaning of life - Spiritual views, Meaning of life - Humorous treatments, Meaning of life - General philosophy topics, Meaning of life - General philosophy lists

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