Definition and meaning of Law:

Law - a description of how a natural phenomenon will occur under certain circumstances; a statement that summarizes the results observed in an experiment that is repeated many times by many different scientists. A scientific law is widely accepted as true or as a fact, such as Newton's Laws of Gravitation

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

One of the main functions of law is to regulate violence (indeed, the sociologist Max Weber famously stated that the state is a monopoly on violence). Certain forms and degrees of violence are socially and/or legally sanctioned, and some result from legal action, while others constitute crimes within a specific society. Different societies apply different standards relating to sanctioned and non-sanctioned forms of violence. Degrees of violence that are accepted by a society's norms are commonly regarded as cruel, and may be termed extra-normal violence. Violence used in terrorism is ...

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Violence, Violence - Law, Violence - Psychology and sociology, Violence - Violence in the media, Violence - Metaphorical violence, Violence - Health and wellness

Read more here: » Violence: Encyclopedia II - Violence - Law

Legal positivism is a view which, in contrast to the natural law view, claims that a legal system can be defined independently of evaluative terms or propositions. Sometimes legal positivism is understood as the view that laws must be obeyed, whatever their content. The late Carlos Nino called the former view "methodological" and the latter "ideological," claiming that only the former was philosophically defensible. Legal Positivism replaced the notion of Divine Law around the time of the Enlightenment. The theory is tha ...

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Positivism, Positivism - Law, Positivism - Political Theory, Positivism - Literature, Positivism - Philosophy, Positivism - Social science

Read more here: » Positivism: Encyclopedia II - Positivism - Law

Circumstantial evidence is used in criminal courts to establish guilt or innocence through reasoning. The distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence is important because, with the obvious exceptions (the immature, incompetent, or mentally ill), nearly all criminals are careful to not generate direct evidence, and try to avoid demonstrating criminal intent. Therefore, to prove the mens rea levels of "purposely" or "knowingly," the prosecution must usually resort to circumstantial evidence. The same goes for tortfeasors in tort law, if one needs to prove a hig ...

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Circumstantial evidence, Circumstantial evidence - Law, Circumstantial evidence - Science, Circumstantial evidence - Social Studies

Read more here: » Circumstantial evidence: Encyclopedia II - Circumstantial evidence - Law

Software patent - Jurisdictions. Substantive law regarding the patentability of software and computer-implemented inventions, and case law interpreting the legal provisions, are different under different jurisdictions. The national jurisdictions relating to software patents in Europe and in the European Union are not harmonized even though some harmonization has been brought into the national jurisdictions in the 1970s and 1980s. Interpretation of the substantive law varies to some extent from state to sta ...

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Software patent, Software patent - Software patents vs copyright, Software patent - History, Software patent - Law, Software patent - Jurisdictions, Software patent - Scope of software patentability, Software patent - Computer-implemented invention, Software patent - Litigation, Software patent - Practical effects of software patents, Software patent - Notes

Read more here: » Software patent: Encyclopedia II - Software patent - Law

One of the main functions of law is to regulate violence (indeed, the sociologist Max Weber famously stated that the state is a monopoly on violence). Certain forms and degrees of violence are socially and/or legally sanctioned, and some result from legal action, while others constitute crimes within a specific society. Different societies apply different standards relating to sanctioned and non-sanctioned forms of violence. Degrees of violence that are accepted by a society's norms are commonly regarded as cruel, and may be termed extra-normal violence. Violence used in terrorism is ...

See also:

Violence, Violence - Law, Violence - Psychology and sociology, Violence - Violence in the media, Violence - Metaphorical Violence, Violence - Health and Wellness

Read more here: » Violence: Encyclopedia II - Violence - Law

The Hague Convention of 1899 limited the use of "explosive" bullets in military use, defining illegal rounds as a jacketed bullet with an exposed lead tip (and, by implication, a jacketed base). During the Convention, representatives from Imperial Germany provided evidence of severe expansion in flesh based on analysis of British hunting rounds (Emphasis: Not based on the British military rounds). This was intended to provide a competitive advantage for the newly developed German Spitzer (pointed) rounds which did not have exposed lead at the tip. The United States and Britain disagreed with the German analysis, but declined to ...

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Dum-dum, Dum-dum - History, Dum-dum - Law, Dum-dum - Other meanings and uses

Read more here: » Dum-dum: Encyclopedia II - Dum-dum - Law

Since the birth of Scouting in 1907, all Scouts around the world have taken a Scout Promise or oath to live up to ideals of the movement, and subsribed to the Scout Law. The form of the promise and laws have varied slightly from country to country and over time, but must fulfill the requirements of the World Organisation of the Scout Movement to qualify a National Scout Association for membership. Scouting - Scout Motto. Be Prepared See also:

Scouting, Scouting - Origins, Scouting - Early history, Scouting - Conceptual Influences, Scouting - World Membership Badge, Scouting - Scouting around the world, Scouting - Scout Promise or Oath, Law, Motto, and Slogan, Scouting - Scout Motto, Scouting - Scout Slogan, Scouting - Breakaway and nonaligned organisations, Scouting - Scouts-in-Exile, Scouting - Independent Scouts and Scout organizations, Scouting - Scout-like youth organizations, Scouting - Totalitarian and political youth organizations, Scouting - Hierarchy, Scouting - Controversy, Scouting - Coeducation, Scouting - Scouting in film and the arts, Scouting - Notes

Read more here: » Scouting: Encyclopedia II - Scouting - Scout Promise or Oath, Law, Motto, and Slogan

Scots law is the law of Scotland. It is a unique system with ancient roots and has a basis in Roman law, combining features of both uncodified Civil law dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis and common law with medieval sources. The terms of union with England in 1707, guaranteed the continued existence of a separate law system in Scotland from that of England and Wales. Formerly, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, one of which was the use of Udal Law in Orkney and Shetland, based on Old Norse Law, which for the most part was abolished in 1611. Various systems based on common Celtic or Brehon Laws also survived i ...

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Scotland, Scotland - Etymology, Scotland - History, Scotland - Politics, Scotland - Law, Scotland - Subdivisions, Scotland - Geography, Scotland - Climate, Scotland - Economy, Scotland - Demographics, Scotland - Language, Scotland - Religion, Scotland - Education, Scotland - Culture, Scotland - Music, Scotland - Literature, Scotland - Sport, Scotland - Media, Scotland - Transport, Scotland - Scottish Inventions, Scotland - National symbols, Scotland - Gallery of Images

Read more here: » Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Scotland - Law

On 10 February 1999 the Italian Supreme Court of Appeal in Rome overturned a rape conviction, stating that jeans are unable to be removed without the wearer's consent. Therefore, they ruled, the supposed victim must have been an active participant in the act. [1] This last verdict, however, was also overturned, on 28 November 2001 by the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation, which finally established that wearing jeans does not ex ...

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Jeans, Jeans - History, Jeans - Jeans in popular culture, Jeans - Blue Jeans, Jeans - Lowrise Jeans, Jeans - Brands, Jeans - Fits, Jeans - Types, Jeans - Law

Read more here: » Jeans: Encyclopedia II - Jeans - Law

In most modern criminal legal systems, it is the responsibility of the prosecution to prove "beyond reasonable doubt" that the defendant is guilty. So in cases where the defendant has been acquitted, it is a logical fallacy to conclude that they were innocent - this would be to assume a proposition simply because it has not been proved false. The presumption of innocence is inspired by considerat ...

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Argument from ignorance, Argument from ignorance - Description, Argument from ignorance - Examples, Argument from ignorance - Law, Argument from ignorance - Science

Read more here: » Argument from ignorance: Encyclopedia II - Argument from ignorance - Law

The Bases have their own legal system, distinct from the UK, and Cyprus. These comprise the laws of the Colony of Cyprus as at August 1960, amended as necessary. The Laws of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are kept as far as possible the same laws of the Cyprus. The Court of the Sovereign Base Area is concerned with non-military offences committed by any person within Akrotiri and Dhekelia. ...

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Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Akrotiri and Dhekelia - History, Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Politics, Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Law, Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Geography, Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Demographics, Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Economy

Read more here: » Akrotiri and Dhekelia: Encyclopedia II - Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Law

Pedophilia itself is neither a crime nor a legal term at all, as it does not describe an act, but a psychological state. Sexual activity between adults and prepubescent children is almost always considered child sexual abuse, and is thus illegal in most areas. Varying laws concerning youth marriage, emancipation of minors, and the age of consent may affect the legality of child sex in certain jurisdictions. Intercourse is usually allowed at the ages of 16 or 18, but can rang ...

See also:

Pedophilia, Pedophilia - Definition, Pedophilia - Diagnosis, Pedophilia - Criminal acts, Pedophilia - Treatment, Pedophilia - Related terms, Pedophilia - Law, Pedophilia - Advocacy of pedophilia

Read more here: » Pedophilia: Encyclopedia II - Pedophilia - Law

Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as in other jurisdictions having “cabinet,” “responsible government,” or “parliamentary democracy”: it is introduced by the executive government to the legislature, debated and, if passed, becomes law when it receives royal assent by the Governor-General. Most legislation is actually regulation implemented by the bureaucracy under enabling legislation passed by Parliament. All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the Constitution and the courts have juris ...

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Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea - History, Papua New Guinea - Law, Papua New Guinea - Politics, Papua New Guinea - Provinces, Papua New Guinea - Geography, Papua New Guinea - Ecology, Papua New Guinea - Economy, Papua New Guinea - Land tenure, Papua New Guinea - Demographics, Papua New Guinea - Culture, Papua New Guinea - Religion, Papua New Guinea - Miscellaneous topics, Papua New Guinea - Notes

Read more here: » Papua New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Papua New Guinea - Law

In May 2004 in Louisiana, Congressman Dick Shepard proposed a bill that would make it a crime to appear in public wearing trousers below the waist and thereby exposing one's skin or "intimate clothing". ([1], PDF). The Louisiana bill was retracted after negative public reaction. In February 2005, Virginia legislators tried to pass a similar law that would have made punishable by a $50 fine: "any person who, while in a public place, intentionally wears and displays his below-waist undergarments, intended to cover a person's intimate parts ...

See also:

Trousers, Trousers - Terminology, Trousers - Characteristics, Trousers - History, Trousers - Men's trousers, Trousers - Women's trousers, Trousers - Society, Trousers - Law

Read more here: » Trousers: Encyclopedia II - Trousers - Law

Rape - Common law. In the common law of the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, "rape" traditionally describes the act of a man who forces a woman to have sexual intercourse with him. Until the late 20th Century, forced sex by a husband against his wife was not considered "rape", since a woman (for certain purposes) was not considered a separate legal person with the right of refusal, or sometimes was deemed to have given advanced implicit consent to a life-long sexual relationship. However, most Wes ...

See also:

Rape, Rape - History, Rape - Non-sexual usage of term, Rape - Law, Rape - Common law, Rape - English law, Rape - United States Uniform Crime Reports, Rape - Types of rape, Rape - Violent rape, Rape - Statutory rape, Rape - Acquaintance date rape, Rape - Male rape, Rape - Gang rape, Rape - Some aspects of rape, Rape - Drugging, Rape - Custodial and prison rape, Rape - Rape and sexual torture, Rape - Sex trafficking, Rape - Consent, Rape - Victim blaming, Rape - Sexual fantasy, Rape - Effects of rape, Rape - Medical emergency information, Rape - RAINN, Rape - Secondary Victimization, Rape - Rape and punishment, Rape - Punishment of assailants, Rape - Punishment of victims, Rape - Rape as punishment, Rape - Rape and human rights, Rape - Rapists, Rape - Rapist profiles, Rape - Warning signs, Rape - Reporting, Rape - Underreporting, Rape - Overreporting and false reporting, Rape - Sociobiological analysis of rape, Rape - The role of control and loss of privacy in rape, Rape - Quotes, Rape - Books and publications, Rape - Academic and reference books, Rape - Others

Read more here: » Rape: Encyclopedia II - Rape - Law

Rape - Common law. In the common law of the United Kingdom and the United States, "rape" traditionally describes the act of a man who forces a woman to have sexual intercourse with him. Until the late 20th Century, forced sex by a husband against his wife was not considered "rape", since a woman (for certain purposes) was not considered a separate legal person with the right of refusal, or sometimes was deemed to have given advanced implicit consent to a life-long sexual relationship. However, most Western countr ...

See also:

Rape, Rape - History, Rape - Non-sexual usage of term, Rape - Law, Rape - Common law, Rape - English law, Rape - United States Uniform Crime Reports, Rape - Types of rape, Rape - Violent rape, Rape - Statutory rape, Rape - Acquaintance date rape, Rape - Male rape, Rape - Gang rape, Rape - Some aspects of rape, Rape - Drugging, Rape - Custodial and prison rape, Rape - Rape and sexual torture, Rape - Sex trafficking, Rape - Consent, Rape - Victim blaming, Rape - Sexual fantasy, Rape - Effects of rape, Rape - Medical emergency information, Rape - RAINN, Rape - Secondary Victimization, Rape - Rape and punishment, Rape - Punishment of assailants, Rape - Punishment of victims, Rape - Rape as punishment, Rape - Rape and human rights, Rape - Rapists, Rape - Rapist profiles, Rape - Warning signs, Rape - Reporting, Rape - Underreporting, Rape - Overreporting and false reporting, Rape - Sociobiological analysis of rape, Rape - The role of control and loss of privacy in rape, Rape - Quotes, Rape - Books and publications, Rape - Academic and reference books, Rape - Others

Read more here: » Rape: Encyclopedia II - Rape - Law

The Ottoman empire was legally based around the philosophy of local jurisprudence. Local legal systems that did not conflict with the state as a whole were largely left alone. The Ottoman system had three court systems, one for the Muslims run by kadi (judges), one for non-Muslims (appointed Jews and Christians ruled over their religious areas), and another for trade (originated after the capitulations). The court used depended on the sides of the conflict. On top of everything was the Kanun Law (administrative in nature). These court catego ...

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Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire - History, Ottoman Empire - Origins, Ottoman Empire - Rise 1299–1453, Ottoman Empire - Growth 1453–1683, Ottoman Empire - Stagnation 1683–1827, Ottoman Empire - Decline 1828–1908, Ottoman Empire - Dissolution 1908–1922, Ottoman Empire - Timeline, Ottoman Empire - State, Ottoman Empire - Sultans, Ottoman Empire - Organization, Ottoman Empire - Failures of the state, Ottoman Empire - Economy, Ottoman Empire - Law, Ottoman Empire - Military, Ottoman Empire - Culture, Ottoman Empire - Religion

Read more here: » Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Empire - Law

Pedophilia itself is neither a crime nor a legal term at all, as it does not describe an act, but a psychological state. [9] Sexual activity between adults and prepubescent children is almost always considered child sexual abuse, and is thus illegal in most areas. Varying laws concerning youth marriage, emancipation of minors, and the age of consent may affect the legality of child sex in certain jurisdictions. Intercourse is usually allowed at the ages of 16 or 18, but can rang ...

See also:

Pedophilia, Pedophilia - Definition, Pedophilia - Diagnosis, Pedophilia - Criminal acts, Pedophilia - Treatment, Pedophilia - Related terms, Pedophilia - Law, Pedophilia - Advocacy of pedophilia

Read more here: » Pedophilia: Encyclopedia II - Pedophilia - Law

In law, particularly with respect to contracts, value is a concept closely related, but not identical, to that of consideration. At common law, certain transferrable obligations were only enforceable if the transferee had acquired them for value. Under the rules of equity, the rights of a bona fide purchaser for value would not be interfered with. State courts of various jurisdictions in the US adopted varying definitions ...

See also:

Value, Value - Economics, Value - Personal and cultural values, Value - Marketing, Value - Mathematics, Value - Computer science, Value - Law

Read more here: » Value: Encyclopedia II - Value - Law