Lavon Affair

GDP: purchasing power parity - $129 billion (2004 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 3.9% (2004 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $20,800 (2004 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.8% industry: 37.7% services: 59.5% (2003 est.) Investment (gross fixed): 17.2% of GDP (2003) Population below poverty line: 18% (2001 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 28.3% (1997) Distributio ...

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Economy of Israel, Economy of Israel - Statistics

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Upon assuming office on January 20, 1977, President Carter moved to rejuvenate the Middle Eastern peace process that had stalled throughout the 1976 presidential campaign in the United States. Following the advice of a Brookings Institution report, Carter opted to replace the incremental, bilateral peace talks which had characterized Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy following the 1973 Yom Kippur War with a comprehensive, multilateral approach. This new approach called for the reconvening of the 1973 Geneva Conference, this time with a Palestinian d ...

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Camp David Accords 1978, Camp David Accords 1978 - Background, Camp David Accords 1978 - The Sadat Peace Initiative, Camp David Accords 1978 - The talks, Camp David Accords 1978 - Terms of the agreements, Camp David Accords 1978 - Consequences, Camp David Accords 1978 - Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties

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Aliyah - First Aliyah 1882-1903. Between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine, then a province of the Ottoman Empire. The majority, belonging to the Hovevei Zion and Bilu movements, came from Eastern Europe with a smaller number arriving from Yemen. Many established agricultural communities (see kibbutz and moshav). The farmer cooperatives faced serious difficulties due in part to the lack of agricultural experience. Among the towns that these individuals established are ...

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Aliyah, Aliyah - Aliyot, Aliyah - First Aliyah 1882-1903, Aliyah - Second Aliyah 1904-1914, Aliyah - Third Aliyah 1919-1923, Aliyah - Fourth Aliyah 1924-1929, Aliyah - Fifth Aliyah 1929-1939, Aliyah - Aliyah Bet: Illegal immigration 1933-1948, Aliyah - Immigration from 1948-1950, Aliyah - Middle Eastern Jews, Aliyah - Ethiopian Aliyah, Aliyah - Russian Aliyah, Aliyah - Argentine aliyah, Aliyah - Recent Trends, Aliyah - Trivia, Aliyah - Notes

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Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The high school seniors' letter. On April 28, 1970, a group of high school seniors about to be drafted sent a letter to Prime Minister Golda Meir expressing their reservation about the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, the War of Attrition and the government's failure to take steps to avoid conflict. In 2001, a new high-school refuseniks movement called Shministim (Hebrew: שמיניסטים, literally "eighth graders"), followed in ...

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Refusal to serve in the Israeli military, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Overview, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Refusals actions and movements, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The high school seniors' letter, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Yesh Gvul, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Courage to Refuse, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - New Profile, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The pilots' letter, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The commandos' letter, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Refusal to remove settlements, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Reaction to the refuseniks

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Intense negotiations between representatives of the Provisional Government (headed by David Ben Gurion) and Etzel (headed by Menachem Begin) followed the departure of Altalena from France. Among the issues discussed were logistics of the ship's landing and distribution of the cargo between the military organizations. Whilst there was agreement on the anchoring place of the Altalena, there were differences of opinion about the allocation of the cargo. Ben-Gurion agreed to Begin's initial request that 20% of the weapons be dispatched to the Je ...

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Altalena Affair, Altalena Affair - Background, Altalena Affair - Confrontation with the IDF, Altalena Affair - Aftermath, Altalena Affair - External link

Read more here: » Altalena Affair: Encyclopedia II - Altalena Affair - Confrontation with the IDF

Land of Israel Districts · Cities · Transportation Dead Sea · Red Sea · Sea of Galilee Mediterranean · Negev · Judea · Samaria Jerusalem · Tel Aviv · Haifa Zionism · Timeline ·Aliyah · Herzl Balfour · Mandate · 1947 UN Plan Independence · Austerity · Ma'abarot Lavon Affair · Eichmann Trial 1948 War · 1949 Armistice · Suez War Six-Day War · Attrition War Yom Kippur War · Lebanon War Peace treaties with: Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan Time ...

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Religious Zionist Movement, Religious Zionist Movement - Ideology, Religious Zionist Movement - History and organizations, Religious Zionist Movement - Religious Zionism today, Religious Zionist Movement - Politics, Religious Zionist Movement - Military service, Religious Zionist Movement - Notable religious Zionist figures

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The United Nations, the successor to the League of Nations, attempted to solve the dispute between the Jews and Arabs in Palestine. On May 15, 1947 the UN appointed a committee, the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. To make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented. After spending three months conducting hearings and general survey of the situation in Palestine, UNSCOP officially released its report on August 31. A majority of nations (Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, Netherlands, Peru, Swe ...

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1947 UN Partition Plan, 1947 UN Partition Plan - Creation of the plan, 1947 UN Partition Plan - Reactions to the plan, 1947 UN Partition Plan - Text of the Resolution

Read more here: » 1947 UN Partition Plan: Encyclopedia II - 1947 UN Partition Plan - Creation of the plan

Since the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the country has established four new holidays. Yom Ha'Shoah - Holocaust Remembrance day, on 27th of Nissan, commemorates the date of the uprising in Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. Yom Hazikaron - Memorial Day for fallen soldiers and terror victims, on the day preceding Yom Ha'atzma'ut. Yom Ha'atzma'ut - Israel Independence Day. Yom Yerushalayim - Jerusalem Day, on 28th of Iyar, the date that ID ...

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Yom Ha'atzma'ut, Yom Ha'atzma'ut - New Israeli/Jewish holidays, Yom Ha'atzma'ut - External link

Read more here: » Yom Ha'atzma'ut: Encyclopedia II - Yom Ha'atzma'ut - New Israeli/Jewish holidays

Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Madrid and Oslo 1991-93. Main articles: Madrid Conference of 1991 and Oslo Accords. In 1991, just after the First Gulf War, a breakthrough occurred when US president George H.W. Bush called a conference in Madrid, Spain, dubbed the Madrid Peace Conference of 1991. Talks continued in Washington, DC, but with few results, and were replaced by a series of clandestine meetings between Israeli and Palestinian negotiators hosted by Norway. T ...

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Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Views of the peace process, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Palestinian views of the peace process, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Israeli views of the peace process, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Other views of the peace process, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Obstacles arising on both sides, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Attempts to make peace, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Madrid and Oslo 1991-93, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Camp David 2000 Summit, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Beirut summit, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The Road Map for peace, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Alternative peace proposals, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - List of peace proposals, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Other peace projects, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties, Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Related articles

Read more here: » Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Encyclopedia II - Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Attempts to make peace

Rafael Eitan - Early battles. Eitan was a junior officer in the elite Palmach strike force and took part in the Israel's War of Independence. He fought in Jerusalem and received a head wound in the battle for the San Simon Monastery in April 1948. Later he served with the 10th Infantry Battalion in the Lachish-Negev region. In 1954, Captain Eitan became commander of a Paratroops company in Unit 101. During Operation Kinereth in 1955 he received a machinegun wound to his chest, wh ...

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Rafael Eitan, Rafael Eitan - Military career, Rafael Eitan - Early battles, Rafael Eitan - Chief of Staff, Rafael Eitan - Lebanon War, Rafael Eitan - Political career, Rafael Eitan - Death, Rafael Eitan - Books

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The unit was kept top-secret during its initial years. Fighters and commanders were selectively hand-picked, based on personal acquaintances and family members of existing members (two of Netanyahu's brothers also served in the unit, for example). Since the 1980s, while still secretive, the unit opened to voluntary recruits. Twice a year it holds a notoriously gruelling selection camp (Gibush) for potential recruits lasting several sleepless days. The recruits are constantly monitored by doctors and psychologists. Those who make it ...

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Sayeret Matkal, Sayeret Matkal - Recruitment and training, Sayeret Matkal - Notable former Sayeret Matkal figures, Sayeret Matkal - Known operations

Read more here: » Sayeret Matkal: Encyclopedia II - Sayeret Matkal - Recruitment and training

Israel - Historical roots. See also: Kingdom of Israel The earliest known mention of the name 'Israel', probably refering to a group of people rather than to a place, is the Egyptian Merneptah Stele dated to about 1210 BCE. For over 3,000 years, Jews have held the Land of Israel to be their homeland, both as a Holy Land and as a Promised Land. The Land of Israel holds a special place in Jewish religious obligations, encompassing Judaism's most important sites — including the remains o ...

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Israel, Israel - History, Israel - Historical roots, Israel - Zionism and Aliyah, Israel - Establishment of the State, Israel - War of Independence, Israel - Continuing immigration, Israel - Subsequent wars, Israel - Articles related to the wars, Israel - Politics and law, Israel - Legislature, Israel - Constitution and Legal System, Israel - Judiciary, Israel - Military, Israel - Geography, Israel - Metropolitan areas, Israel - Economy, Israel - Demographics, Israel - Children's welfare, Israel - Religion in Israel, Israel - Culture and religion, Israel - Footnotes, Israel - Annotated List of Israeli Media Sources

Read more here: » Israel: Encyclopedia II - Israel - History

Land of Israel Districts · Cities · Transportation Dead Sea · Red Sea · Sea of Galilee Mediterranean · Negev · Judea · Samaria Jerusalem · Tel Aviv · Haifa Zionism · Timeline ·Aliyah · Herzl Balfour · Mandate · 1947 UN Plan Independence · Austerity · Ma'abarot Lavon Affair · Eichmann Trial 1948 War · 1949 Armistice · Suez War Six-Day War · Attrition War Yom Kippur War · Lebanon War Peace treaties with: Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan Timeline · Peace process · Peace camp 1s ...

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Zionism, Zionism - Establishment of the Zionist movement, Zionism - Zionist initiatives, Zionism - Jewish reaction to Zionism, Zionism - Zionism and the Arab Muslims, Zionism - The struggle for Palestine, Zionism - Zionism and Israel, Zionism - Anti-Zionism and post-Zionism, Zionism - Non-Jewish Zionism, Zionism - Relevant articles, Zionism - Types of Zionism, Zionism - Zionist institutes and organization, Zionism - History of Zionism and Israel, Zionism - Notes

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In three main waves of aerial attacks, and several smaller waves in the days following the operation, a total of 452 aircraft were destroyed, most of them on the ground. This left the IAF in almost complete control of the skies, and able to effectively assist the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) ground units. Operation Focus - June 5 1967. Operation Moked was launched at 7:45 am Israeli time (8:45 Egyptian time). Nearly all of Israel's 196 combat aircraft were committed to the airstrike, with only twelve being ...

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Operation Focus, Operation Focus - Summary of the operation, Operation Focus - June 5 1967, Operation Focus - June 6-11 1967, Operation Focus - Aftermath, Operation Focus - Number of aircraft destroyed, Operation Focus - Number of aircraft destroyed by aircraft type, Operation Focus - Number of aircraft destroyed by country, Operation Focus - Totals by waves

Read more here: » Operation Focus: Encyclopedia II - Operation Focus - Summary of the operation

The ISF are viewed by most experts as one of the best in their fields, especially in counter-terrorism. Many of the world's security experts, as well as inventors of security technology, are Israelis who trained and served many years in the ISF. The ISF works within tight budgets and is known for creativity and innovation in resolving difficult situations. Some Israeli SF units such as Sayeret Matkal, Shayetet 13 (naval commando) and the YAMAM are conside ...

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Israeli Security Forces, Israeli Security Forces - Combat security organizations, Israeli Security Forces - Non-combat security organizations, Israeli Security Forces - General Remarks, Israeli Security Forces - External link

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The history of IMI goes back to the era of the British Mandate of Palestine when the Jewish underground at the time (the Haganah) resorted to manufacturing illegal weapons. Some therefore claim that the nucleus of IMI was formed as early as 1933. IMI presently manufactures all manner of firearms, from small arms and machine guns to rockets and electronic systems. During the past few years, the Israeli government has unsuccessfully tried to privatize IMI, either whole or in parts. The privatization efforts were hindered by the s ...

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Israeli Military Industries, Israeli Military Industries - History, Israeli Military Industries - Small firearms, Israeli Military Industries - Other products, Israeli Military Industries - Famous products, Israeli Military Industries - External link

Read more here: » Israeli Military Industries: Encyclopedia II - Israeli Military Industries - History

Kahanism - Dr. Baruch Goldstein. Main articles: Mosque of Abraham massacre, and [[]], and [[]], and See also:

Kahanism, Kahanism - Premises, Kahanism - Outlawed, Kahanism - Alleged Kahanist actions in Israel and the West Bank, Kahanism - Dr. Baruch Goldstein, Kahanism - Suspected Kahanist violence, Kahanism - Eden Natan-Zada, Kahanism - Kahanism in the USA

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The Arab-Israeli conflict is the result of numerous factors. Reasons cited for the conflict therefore vary from participant to participant and observer to observer. A powerful example of this divide can be found in opinion surveys of Palestinians and Israelis. In a March, 2005 poll 63% of the Israelis blamed the failure of the Oslo Peace Process on Palestinian violence, but only 5% of the Palestinians agreed. 54% of Palestinians put the blame on Israeli policies, but only 20% of the Israelis agreed.[10] It is therefore difficult to develop a single, objective reason for the conflict, so ...

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Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab-Israeli conflict - History, Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict, Arab-Israeli conflict - Israeli views, Arab-Israeli conflict - Palestinian and other Arab views, Arab-Israeli conflict - Mutual claims, Arab-Israeli conflict - Peace and reconciliation, Arab-Israeli conflict - Quotations, Arab-Israeli conflict - Abbreviated timeline

Read more here: » Arab-Israeli conflict: Encyclopedia II - Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict

The war began in June 1968 with sparse Egyptian artillery bombardment of the Israeli front line on the east bank of the canal. More artillery bombardments in the following months killed some Israeli soldiers. IDF's retaliation came on the night of October 30 when heli-borne commandos destroyed Egypt's main electricity supply. The blackout caused Nasser to cease hostilities for a few months while fortifications around hundreds of important targets were built. Simultaneously Israel reinforced its position on the east bank of the Suez Canal by constructing the Bar Lev Line, a set of thirty-five small forts running nor ...

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War of Attrition, War of Attrition - Background, War of Attrition - Timeline, War of Attrition - People

Read more here: » War of Attrition: Encyclopedia II - War of Attrition - Timeline

Science and technology in Israel - Nobel Prize Winners. See also: List of Jewish Nobel Prize winners Three Israelis have won science Nobel Prizes. Biologists Avram Hershko and Aaron Ciechanover of the Technion shared the Chemistry prize in 2004. Israeli-American psychologist Daniel Kahneman had previously won the 2002 prize in Economics. In 2005 Robert Aumann from The Hebrew University also won the prize in Economics. Additionally, 1958 Medicine laureate Joshua Lederberg was born to Jewish Palestinian parents, while 2004 Physics laureate Dav ...

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Science and technology in Israel, Science and technology in Israel - Scientific institutions, Science and technology in Israel - High Tech companies, Science and technology in Israel - Famous Israeli scientists, Science and technology in Israel - Nobel Prize Winners, Science and technology in Israel - Other scientists, Science and technology in Israel - Related topic

Read more here: » Science and technology in Israel: Encyclopedia II - Science and technology in Israel - Famous Israeli scientists

Combat brigades in the IDF usually have a company with improved weaponry, also known as plugat siyur (Hebrew: פלוגת-סיור, pl. plugot siyur, abbr: palsar פלס"ר), that is used to reinforce the brigade's regular forces. Other sayarot are larger units, operating under corps and commands. Although the plugot siyur are mostly oriented at battlefield support (which is their raison d'être), many have participated in special operations during recent years. All infantry units as ...

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Sayeret, Sayeret - Sayeret units in the IDF, Sayeret - List of known sayeret units

Read more here: » Sayeret: Encyclopedia II - Sayeret - Sayeret units in the IDF

Ben-Gurion was at the political forefront of the Labor Zionist movement during the fifteen years leading to the creation of the State of Israel when Labor Zionism had become the dominant tendency in the World Zionist Organization. An austere, ascetic idealist, he was marked by a commitment to the establishment of a Jewish state. In the Israeli declaration of independence, he stressed that the new nation would "uphold the full social and political equality of all it ...

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David Ben-Gurion, David Ben-Gurion - Early life, David Ben-Gurion - Zionist leadership, David Ben-Gurion - Prime Ministership, David Ben-Gurion - Trivia, David Ben-Gurion - Footnote

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