Latin language

Mantegna was born in Isola di Cartura, near Vicenza in the Republic of Venice, second son of a poor woodcutter, Biagio. At the age of ten he had started as the apprentice of Francesco Squarcione, a mediocre Paduan painter. Squarcione, whose original vocation was tailoring, appears to have had a remarkable enthusiasm for ancient art, and a faculty for acting. Like his famous compatriot Petrarca, Squarcione was something of a fanatic for ancient Rome: he travelled in Italy, and perhaps Greece, collecting antique statues, reliefs, vases, etc., ...

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Andrea Mantegna, Andrea Mantegna - Biography, Andrea Mantegna - Work in Mantua, Andrea Mantegna - Engravings, Andrea Mantegna - Assessment and legacy, Andrea Mantegna - Major works, Andrea Mantegna - Reference

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Recognisable strands in the contemporary ideas on universal languages took form only in Early Modern Europe. A lingua franca or trade language was nothing very new; but an international auxiliary language was a natural wish in the light of the relative decline of Latin. Literature in the vernacular languages was on the rise from the early Renaissance, while learned works mostly ceased to be wri ...

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Universal language, Universal language - Seventeenth century, Universal language - Eighteenth century, Universal language - Nineteenth Century, Universal language - Contemporary ideas, Universal language - Pentecost

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The name Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian) probably derives from the Wallachian family of Basarab, who once ruled over the southern part of the area. The name originally applied only to the southern part of the territory, which corresponds in size with the modern day Budjak. The Turks were the first to call it " Besarabya", which they began doing when they gained control of the area in 1484. From the 15th to the 20th centuries, the region passed successively to: Moldavia, the Ottoman Empire (only the Budjak region), Russia, Romania, the Soviet Union, Ukraine and Moldova. ...

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Bessarabia, Bessarabia - Geography, Bessarabia - History, Bessarabia - Ancient times, Bessarabia - The Age of the migrations, Bessarabia - Principality of Moldavia, Bessarabia - Part of Russia, Bessarabia - Part of Romania, Bessarabia - World War II, Bessarabia - Part of the Soviet Union, Bessarabia - Rise of the Independent Moldova, Bessarabia - Population, Bessarabia - Economy

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Lombards - Origins and conquest of Italy. Their own traditions (preserved in the Origo Gentis Langobardorum) describe how they were formerly called Winili, and how they left Scandinavia under the leaders Ybor and Agio, and settled in Continental Europe, in the lower course of the Elbe river, where they were recorded by Tacitus as early as A.D. 98: What, on the contrary, ennobles the Langobards is the smallness of their number, for that they, who are surrounded with very many and very ...

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Lombards, Lombards - History, Lombards - Origins and conquest of Italy, Lombards - Rothari and his successors, Lombards - The end of the Lombard kingdom of Italy, Lombards - Sources, Lombards - Historic kings of the Lombards, Lombards - Lething Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Gausian Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty First Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Second Time, Lombards - Beneventan Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Third Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings

Read more here: » Lombards: Encyclopedia II - Lombards - History

Vulgar Latin - The loss of the noun case system. The sound changes that were occurring in Vulgar Latin made the noun case system of Classical Latin harder to sustain, and ultimately spelled doom for the system of Latin declensions. As a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar Latin moved from being a synthetic language to an analytic language where word order is a necessary element of syntax. Consider what the loss of final /m/, the loss of phonemic vowel length, and the sound shift from AE /ae/ to E /e/ entailed for a typical f ...

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Vulgar Latin, Vulgar Latin - What was Vulgar Latin?, Vulgar Latin - Phonology, Vulgar Latin - Vowels, Vulgar Latin - Consonants, Vulgar Latin - Evidence of changes, Vulgar Latin - Vocabulary, Vulgar Latin - Grammar, Vulgar Latin - The loss of the noun case system, Vulgar Latin - The Romance articles, Vulgar Latin - Gender: loss of the neuter, Vulgar Latin - Prepositions multiply, Vulgar Latin - Adverbs, Vulgar Latin - Verbs

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Ever since the conclusion of the Great Northern War, Danish statesmen had been occupied in harvesting its fruits, namely, the Gottorp portions of Schleswig definitely annexed to Denmark in 1721 by the Treaty of Nystad, and endeavouring to bring about a definitive general understanding with the House of Gottorp as to their remaining possessions in Holstein. With the head of the Swedish branch of the Gottorps, the crown prince Adolphus Frederick, things had been arranged by the exchange of 1750; but an attempt to make a similar arrangement with the chief of t ...

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Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Early political career, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Prelude, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Bernstorff's Denmark, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - The Seven Years' War, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - After the War, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Fall from power, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Conclusion, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Print references

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Latin poetry - Guide to symbols used. - indicates a heavy syllable u indiacates a light syllable ^ indicates a syllable anceps, which may be either heavy or light | indicates the end of a foot (when it is directly above a letter, assume that it is before the letter) || indicates a caesura (parentheses) show that a vowel is dropped due to elision _ indicates that an elided syllable is connected to the next syllable See also:

Latin poetry, Latin poetry - Special features of Classical Latin poetry, Latin poetry - Heavy and light syllables, Latin poetry - Elision, Latin poetry - Caesura, Latin poetry - Examples of different meters, Latin poetry - Guide to symbols used, Latin poetry - Dactylic hexameter, Latin poetry - Elegiac couplet, Latin poetry - Post-classical poetry

Read more here: » Latin poetry: Encyclopedia II - Latin poetry - Examples of different meters

Traditional instruments in Galicia include the well-known Gaita, a kind of bagpipe, as well as an array of percussion and wind instruments. Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Wind instruments. Folk wind instrument of the area include the pito, a kind of conival-bored whistle with seven holes in the front and one in the back, which is played in a similar manner to the gaita punteiro. While it was traditionally made in E-flat, the instrument has been revitalized by Antón Corral, who makes them in D. ...

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Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - History, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Revival, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Traditional instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Wind instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - String instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Percussion, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Gaita, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Songs, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Dances

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The "Golden Age" of Latin, Latinitas aurea in Latin, is a period consisting roughly of the time from 75 BC to AD 14, spanning the end of the Roman Republic and the reign of Augustus. Many Classicists believe that this period represents the peak of Latin literature, and that its usage of Classical Latin represents the ideal norm which other writers should follow. Classical Latin - Poetry. The earliest poet considered to be writing in the Golden Age is the Epicurean philosopher Lucretius, who wrote a ...

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Classical Latin, Classical Latin - Golden Age Latin, Classical Latin - Poetry, Classical Latin - Prose, Classical Latin - Silver Age Latin, Classical Latin - Stylistic shifts

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Compound linguistics - Compound nouns. Most natural languages have compound nouns and sometimes compound adjectives. The position of the head within a compound often depends on the branching tendency of the language, i. e. the most common order of constituents in phrases where nouns are modified by adjectives, by possessors, by other nouns, etc. While Germanic languages, for example, are left-branching when it comes to noun phrases (the modif ...

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Compound linguistics, Compound linguistics - Formation of compounds, Compound linguistics - Compound types in different languages, Compound linguistics - Compound nouns, Compound linguistics - Verb-noun compounds, Compound linguistics - Compound adpositions, Compound linguistics - Other examples

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Seventeen is the 7th prime number. The next prime is nineteen, with which it comprises a twin prime. 17 is the sum of the first four primes. 17 is the sixth Mersenne prime exponent, yielding 131071. 17 is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3n − 1. 17 is the third Fermat prime. Since 17 is a Fermat prime, heptadecagons can be drawn with compass and ruler. This was proved by Karl Friedrich Gauss. 17 is the second and last Genoc ...

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17 number, 17 number - In mathematics, 17 number - In science, 17 number - In human affairs: Age 17, 17 number - In other fields

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Actions defined as terrorism are sometimes followed by statements from the perpetrators. They often issue additional information, and may have representative offices in countries which sympathize with their aims. Several themes recur and can be considered categories: Reference to the ideals of the group, implying that the ideals justify the actions; separatist groups, for instance, often emphasize the name and flag of their future independent state. Reference to historical grievances, usually the oppressio ...

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Terrorism, Terrorism - Etymology, Terrorism - Key criteria, Terrorism - Causes, Terrorism - Separatism, Terrorism - Claims of responsibility, Terrorism - Perpetrators, Terrorism - Terrorist groups, Terrorism - Lone wolves, Terrorism - State sponsors, Terrorism - Tactics, Terrorism - Attack tactics, Terrorism - Funding, Terrorism - Communication, Terrorism - Responses to terrorism, Terrorism - Terrorism and immigration in Europe, Terrorism - Target-hardening, Terrorism - Preemptive neutralization, Terrorism - Domestic intelligence and surveillance, Terrorism - Military intervention, Terrorism - History, Terrorism - Global trends, Terrorism - Examples of major incidents

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Latin poetry - Heavy and light syllables. Classical Latin poetry differs from English poetry in that Latin meter is based upon vowel length rather than stress. In Latin, syllables are either heavy (long) or light (short). A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long by nature (a long vowel or a diphthong) or if it is long by position (a short vowel followed by multiple consonants or by one of the double consonants, x and z). The consonants in the next word may count toward ma ...

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Latin poetry, Latin poetry - Special features of Classical Latin poetry, Latin poetry - Heavy and light syllables, Latin poetry - Elision, Latin poetry - Caesura, Latin poetry - Examples of different meters, Latin poetry - Guide to symbols used, Latin poetry - Dactylic hexameter, Latin poetry - Elegiac couplet, Latin poetry - Post-classical poetry

Read more here: » Latin poetry: Encyclopedia II - Latin poetry - Special features of Classical Latin poetry

Lombards - Lething Dynasty. Tato (???) Lombards - Another Dynasty. Wacho (died 539) Waltari (539 - 546) Lombards - Gausian Dynasty. Audoin (546 - 565) Alboin (565 - 572) Lombards - Another Dynasty. Cleph (572 - 574) Rule of the Dukes (Ten year interregnum) Authari (584 - 590), son o ...

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Lombards, Lombards - History, Lombards - Origins and conquest of Italy, Lombards - Rothari and his successors, Lombards - The end of the Lombard kingdom of Italy, Lombards - Sources, Lombards - Historic kings of the Lombards, Lombards - Lething Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Gausian Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty First Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Second Time, Lombards - Beneventan Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Third Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings

Read more here: » Lombards: Encyclopedia II - Lombards - Historic kings of the Lombards

Lombards - Lething Dynasty. Tato (???) Lombards - Another Dynasty. Wacho (died 539) Waltari (539 - 546) Lombards - Gausian Dynasty. Audoin (546 - 565) Alboin (565 - 572) Lombards - Another Dynasty. Cleph (572 - 574) Rule of the Dukes (Ten year interregnum) Authari (584 - 590), son of previou ...

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Lombards, Lombards - History, Lombards - Origins and conquest of Italy, Lombards - Rothari and his successors, Lombards - The end of the Lombard kingdom of Italy, Lombards - Sources, Lombards - Historic kings of the Lombards, Lombards - Lething Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Gausian Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty First Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Second Time, Lombards - Beneventan Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Third Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings

Read more here: » Lombards: Encyclopedia II - Lombards - Historic kings of the Lombards

Much of our knowledge of the mythological and semi-mythological early history of the Lombard people comes from Paul the Deacon's History of the Lombards (Historia Langobardorum) written in the late 8th century, indebted to the 7th century Origo Gentis Langobardorum. According to the Lombards themselves, a legend documented by Paul the Deacon, their name was derived from a joke played on Odin (Godan) by his wife Frige (Frea). She told the Lombard women to tie their hair in front of their faces and when Odin saw the ...

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Lombards, Lombards - History, Lombards - Origins and conquest of Italy, Lombards - Rothari and his successors, Lombards - The end of the Lombard kingdom of Italy, Lombards - Sources, Lombards - Historic kings of the Lombards, Lombards - Lething Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Gausian Dynasty, Lombards - Another Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty First Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Second Time, Lombards - Beneventan Dynasty, Lombards - Bavarian Dynasty Third Time, Lombards - Non-dynastic Kings

Read more here: » Lombards: Encyclopedia II - Lombards - Sources

The first difficult problem he had to face was the Seven Years' War. He was determined to preserve the neutrality of Denmark at any cost, and this he succeeded in doing, despite the existence of a subsidy-treaty with the king of Prussia, and the suspicions of England and Sweden. It was through his initiative, too, that the convention of Kloster-Seven was signed (10 September 1757), and on the 4 May 1758 he concluded a still more promising treaty with France, whereby, in consideration of Denmark's holding an army-corps of 24,000 men in Holste ...

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Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Early political career, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Prelude, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Bernstorff's Denmark, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - The Seven Years' War, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - After the War, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Fall from power, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Conclusion, Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - Print references

Read more here: » Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff: Encyclopedia II - Johann Hartwig Ernst Count von Bernstorff - The Seven Years' War

The name "vulgar" simply means "common": it derives from the Latin word uulgaris, meaning "common", or "of the people". "Vulgar Latin" to Latinists has a variety of meanings. It means the spoken Latin of the Roman Empire. Classical Latin was always a rather artificial literary language; the Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul, Iberia or Dacia was not necessarily the Latin of Cicero. By this definition, Vulgar Latin was a spoken language, "late" Latin being used for writing (the general style being a bit different from ...

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Vulgar Latin, Vulgar Latin - What was Vulgar Latin?, Vulgar Latin - Phonology, Vulgar Latin - Vowels, Vulgar Latin - Consonants, Vulgar Latin - Evidence of changes, Vulgar Latin - Vocabulary, Vulgar Latin - Grammar, Vulgar Latin - The loss of the noun case system, Vulgar Latin - The Romance articles, Vulgar Latin - Gender: loss of the neuter, Vulgar Latin - Prepositions multiply, Vulgar Latin - Adverbs, Vulgar Latin - Verbs

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Certain words from Classical Latin were dropped from the vocabulary. Classical equus, "horse", was consistently replaced by caballus, "nag" (but note Romanian iapă, Sardinian èbba, and Spanish yegua, all meaning "mare" and deriving from Classical equa). Classical aequor, "sea", yielded to mare universally. A very partial listing of words that are exclusively Classical, and those that were productive in Romance ...

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Vulgar Latin, Vulgar Latin - What was Vulgar Latin?, Vulgar Latin - Phonology, Vulgar Latin - Vowels, Vulgar Latin - Consonants, Vulgar Latin - Evidence of changes, Vulgar Latin - Vocabulary, Vulgar Latin - Grammar, Vulgar Latin - The loss of the noun case system, Vulgar Latin - The Romance articles, Vulgar Latin - Gender: loss of the neuter, Vulgar Latin - Prepositions multiply, Vulgar Latin - Adverbs, Vulgar Latin - Verbs

Read more here: » Vulgar Latin: Encyclopedia II - Vulgar Latin - Vocabulary

The Tuscan dialect is an ensemble with many lesser local dialects, with small differences among them. The main subdivision is between Northern Tuscan dialects and Southern Tuscan dialects. The Northern Tuscan dialects are (from east to west): the Fiorentino, main dialect of the city of Florence, of Casentino and Mugello, also spoken in Prato and along the river Arno until the city of Fucecchio. the Pistoiese, spoken in the city of Pistoia and nearest zones (some linguists ...

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Tuscan dialect, Tuscan dialect - Subdialects, Tuscan dialect - Speakers, Tuscan dialect - Dialectal features, Tuscan dialect - Phonetics, Tuscan dialect - Morphology, Tuscan dialect - Syntax, Tuscan dialect - Lexicon, Tuscan dialect - External link

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The default Latin alphabet is the Roman, supplemented with J, W, Z, U, and lower-case variants: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z Additional letters may be formed as ligatures, as W was from VV, for example Æ (ash) from AE, oethel Œ from OE, eszett ß from SZ, engma ŋ from NG, ou Ȣ from OU, Ñ from NN, or Ç from CZ; by diacritics, such as Å, Č, Ų; < ...

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Latin alphabet, Latin alphabet - Overview, Latin alphabet - Letters of the alphabet, Latin alphabet - Extensions, Latin alphabet - Other letters, Latin alphabet - Ligatures, Latin alphabet - Diacritics, Latin alphabet - Evolution, Latin alphabet - Medieval and later developments, Latin alphabet - Spread of the Latin alphabet, Latin alphabet - Collating sequence with extensions

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South Slavs were christianized in 9th century. Until the Ottoman conqueror of Bosnia, we have evidence of three Christian denominations in Bosnia: Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and an indigenous church known as the Bosnian Church. Both Orthodox and Catholic officials declared this church to be a heresy. Apart from testimonies of inquisitors and a few excerpts from allegedly apocryphal texts, we have very little knowledge of the Bosnian Church. Its connection with Bogomils is spurious, however. Discussion about how numerous each of these d ...

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Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ethnic background of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Brief history of religions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Transformation of ethnicity to religion its cause and course

Read more here: » Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Encyclopedia II - Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Brief history of religions in Bosnia and Herzegovina