laser cooling - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero. The first such conden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atomic Clock: Encyclopedia - Atomic Clock
An atomic clock is a type of clock that uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its counter. Early atomic clocks were masers with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atomic Clock: Encyclopedia Ii - Atomic Clock - How They Work
Frequency reference masers use glowing chambers of ionized gas, most often caesium, because caesium is the element used in the official i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rubidium: Encyclopedia Ii - Rubidium - History
Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endohedral Fullerenes: Encyclopedia Ii - Endohedral Fullerenes - Endohedral Metallofullerenes
Doping fullerenes with electro positive metals takes place in an arc reactor or via laser evaporation. The metals can be transition metal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Star Lifting: Encyclopedia Ii - Star Lifting - Methods For Lifting Material
Star lifting - Thermal-driven outflow. The simplest system for star lifting would increase the rate of solar wind outflow by directly h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Theory
The collapse of the atoms into a single quantum state is known as Bose condensation or Bose-Einstein condensation. This phenomenon was pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atomic Clock: Encyclopedia Ii - Atomic Clock - Research
Most research focuses on way to make the clocks smaller, cheaper, more accurate, and more reliable. These goals usually conflict. A lot o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rubidium: Encyclopedia Ii - Rubidium - Isotopes
There are 24 isotopes of rubidium known with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; Rb-85 (72.2%) and the radi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atomic Clock: Encyclopedia Ii - Atomic Clock - Research
Most research focuses on way to make the clocks smaller, cheaper, more accurate, and more reliable. These goals usually conflict. A lot o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Discovery
In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at tem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Unusual Characteristics
Further experimentation by the JILA team in 2000 uncovered a hitherto unknown property of Bose-Einstein condensate. Cornell, Wieman, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Current Research
Compared to more commonly-encountered states of matter Bose-Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with th...   » Read the article