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laser cooling | A Wisdom Archive on laser cooling | | laser cooling A selection of articles related to laser cooling | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO laser cooling | |
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| | |  laser cooling: Encyclopedia II - Atomic clock - How they workFrequency reference masers use glowing chambers of ionized gas, most often caesium, because caesium is the element used in the official international definition of the second.
Since 1967, the International System of Units (SI) has defined the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation which corresponds to the transition between two energy levels of the ground state of the Caesium-133 atom. This definition makes the caesium oscillator (often called an atomic clock) the primary standard for time and frequency measurements (see caesium standard). Other physical quantities, like the volt and metre, rely on the definition o ...
See also:Atomic clock, Atomic clock - How they work, Atomic clock - Research Read more here: » Atomic clock: Encyclopedia II - Atomic clock - How they work |
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| | | | laser cooling: Encyclopedia II - Rubidium - History Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope. However this element had minimal industrial use until the 1920s. Historically, the most important use for rubidium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electronic applications.
Rubidium is used for polarizing 3He. Polarized Rb polarizes 3He by hyperfine interaction. Polarized 3He cell ...
See also:Rubidium, Rubidium - Notable characteristics, Rubidium - Applications, Rubidium - History, Rubidium - Occurrence, Rubidium - Isotopes, Rubidium - Precautions, Rubidium - Biological Effects Read more here: » Rubidium: Encyclopedia II - Rubidium - History |
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| | | | laser cooling: Encyclopedia II - Bose-Einstein condensate - Theory The collapse of the atoms into a single quantum state is known as Bose condensation or Bose-Einstein condensation. This phenomenon was predicted in the 1920s by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein, based on Bose's work on the statistical mechanics of photons, which was then formalized and generalized by Einstein. The result of the efforts of Bose and Einstein is the concept of a Bose gas, governed by the Bose-Einstein statistics, which describes the statistical distribution of identical particles with integer spin, now know ...
See also:Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein condensate - Introduction, Bose-Einstein condensate - Theory, Bose-Einstein condensate - Discovery, Bose-Einstein condensate - Unusual characteristics, Bose-Einstein condensate - Current research Read more here: » Bose-Einstein condensate: Encyclopedia II - Bose-Einstein condensate - Theory |
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| | | | laser cooling: Encyclopedia II - Atomic clock - Research Most research focuses on way to make the clocks smaller, cheaper, more accurate, and more reliable. These goals usually conflict.
A lot of research currently focuses on various sorts of ion traps. Theoretically, a single ion suspended electromagnetically could be observed for very long periods, increasing the accuracy of the clock, while also reducing its size and power consumption.
In practice, single-ion clocks have poor short term accuracy because the ion moves so much. Current research uses laser cooling of ions, with optic ...
See also:Atomic clock, Atomic clock - How they work, Atomic clock - Research Read more here: » Atomic clock: Encyclopedia II - Atomic clock - Research |
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| | | | laser cooling: Encyclopedia II - Atomic clock - Research Most research focuses on way to make the clocks smaller, cheaper, more accurate, and more reliable. These goals usually conflict.
A lot of research currently focuses on various sorts of ion traps. Theoretically, a single ion suspended electromagnetically could be observed for very long periods, increasing the accuracy of the clock, while also reducing its size and power.
In practice, single-ion clocks have poor short term accuracy because the ion moves so much. Current research uses laser cooling of ions, with optical resonator ...
See also:Atomic clock, Atomic clock - How they work, Atomic clock - Research Read more here: » Atomic clock: Encyclopedia II - Atomic clock - Research |
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| | | | laser cooling: Encyclopedia II - Bose-Einstein condensate - Discovery In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures below 2.17 kelvins (K) (lambda point). Superfluid helium has many unusual properties, including zero viscosity (the ability to flow without dissipating energy) and the existence of quantized vortices. It was quickly realized that the superfluidity was due to Bose-Einstein condensation of the helium-4 atoms, which are bosons. In fact, many of the properties of superfluid helium also appear in the g ...
See also:Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein condensate - Introduction, Bose-Einstein condensate - Theory, Bose-Einstein condensate - Discovery, Bose-Einstein condensate - Unusual characteristics, Bose-Einstein condensate - Current research Read more here: » Bose-Einstein condensate: Encyclopedia II - Bose-Einstein condensate - Discovery |
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