A language is a system of symbols, generally known as lexemes and the rules by which they are manipulated. The word language is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, i.e., the common properties of languages. Though language is commonly used for communication, it is not synonymous with it. Human language is a natural phenomenon, and language learning is instinctive in childhood. In their natural form, human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for the symbols in order to communicate with others through the senses. Though there are thousands of human languages, they all share a number of prope ...

Including:

• Language - Properties of language
• Language - Human languages
• Language - Origins of human language
• Language - Language taxonomy
• Language - Constructed languages
• Language - The study of language
• Language - Animal nonhuman language
• Language - Formal languages

Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia - Language

See also:

Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia II - Language - Human languages

While the term animal languages is widely used, most researchers agree that they are not as complex or expressive as human language; a more accurate term is animal communication. Some researchers argue that there are significant differences separating human language from the communication of other animals, and that the underlying principles are not related. In several widely publicised instances, animals have been trained to mimic certain features of human language. For example, chimpanzees and gorillas have been taught hand si ...

See also:

Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia II - Language - Animal nonhuman language

The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus; other forms: "Timber Wolf", "Wolf") is a mammal of the Canidae family. The wolf shares a common ancestry with the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), and, according to most experts, is likely the progenitor of all dogs as they exist today (in which case, the domestic dog would more accurately be classified as Canis lupus familiaris). Gray wolves were once abundant and distributed over much of North America, Eurasia, and the Middle East. Today, for a variety of human-caused reasons involving widespread habitat destruction and excessive hunting, wolves inhab ...

Including:

• Gray Wolf - Anatomy & Physiology
• Gray Wolf - Social structure
• Gray Wolf - Packs
• Gray Wolf - Rank order
• Gray Wolf - Body language
• Gray Wolf - Howling
• Gray Wolf - Hunting
• Gray Wolf - Reproduction and mortality
• Gray Wolf - Past human perceptions of wolves
• Gray Wolf - Changing attitudes
• Gray Wolf - Reintroduction
• Gray Wolf - Wolves in religion and folklore
• Gray Wolf - Wolf hunting
• Gray Wolf - Livestock predation
• Gray Wolf - Trapping and breeding for fur
• Gray Wolf - Taxonomy
• Gray Wolf - Classification and relation to the dog
• Gray Wolf - Subspecies of the wolf
• Gray Wolf - Media

Read more here: » Gray Wolf: Encyclopedia - Gray Wolf

The term construction grammar (CxG) covers a "family" of theories, or models, of grammar that are based on the idea that the primary unit of grammar is the grammatical construction rather than the atomic syntactic unit and the rule that combines atomic units, and that the grammar of a language is made up of taxonomies of families of constructions. CxG is typically associated with cognitive linguistics, partly because many of the linguists that are involved in CxG are also involved in cognitive linguistics, and partly bec ...

Including:

• Construction grammar - Some history
• Construction grammar - The grammatical construction in CxG
• Construction grammar - Syntax-lexicon continuum
• Construction grammar - Grammar as an inventory of constructions
• Construction grammar - Full-entry model
• Construction grammar - Usage-based model
• Construction grammar - Default inheritance model
• Construction grammar - Complete inheritance model
• Construction grammar - There is a general shift towards the usage-based model
• Construction grammar - Synonymy and monotony
• Construction grammar - Some construction grammars
• Construction grammar - Construction Grammar
• Construction grammar - Goldbergian/Lakovian construction grammar
• Construction grammar - Cognitive Grammar
• Construction grammar - Radical construction grammar
• Construction grammar - Embodied construction grammar
• Construction grammar - Fluid Construction Grammar
• Construction grammar - Others

Read more here: » Construction grammar: Encyclopedia - Construction grammar

A computer language is a language used by, or in association with, computers. Often, the term is used synonymously with programming language, but in general a computer language need not be a programming language. It is understood that markup languages like HTML are generally not held to be programming languages, but they are computer languages. In general, as with any other kind of language, a computer language is created wherever there is a need to ...

Including:

• Computer language - Examples

Read more here: » Computer language: Encyclopedia - Computer language

A containment hierarchy is a hierarchical collection of strictly nested sets. Each entry in the hierarchy designates a set such that the previous entry is a strict superset, and the next entry is a strict subset. For example, all rectangles are quadrilaterals, but not all quadrilaterals are rectangles, and all squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are squares. A taxonomy is a classic example of a containment hierarchy: In geometry: shape, polygon, quadrilateral, rectangle, square In biology: anima ...

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The Ugaritic language is known to us only in the form of writings found in the lost city of Ugarit in Syria since its discovery by French archaeologists in 1928. It has been extremely important for scholars of the Old Testament in clarifying Hebrew texts and has revealed more of how Judaism used common phrases, literary idioms, and expressions employed by surrounding pagan cultures. Ugaritic was "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform." Literar ...

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In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations). Phylogenetics, also known as phylogenetic systematics, treats a species as a group of lineage-connected individuals over time. Phylogenetic taxonomy, which is an offshoot of, but not a logical consequence of, phylogenetic systematics, constitutes a means of classifying groups of organi ...

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Word play is a literary technique in which the nature of the words used themselves become part of the subject of the work. Puns, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, and telling character names are common examples of word play. All writers engage in word play to some extent, but certain writers are particularly adept or committed to word play. Shakespeare was a noted punster. James Joyce--whose Ulysses, and even more so, his Finnegans Wake, are filled with brilliant wri ...

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August Schleicher (February 19, 1821 - December 6, 1868) was a German linguist. His great work was A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages, in which he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European language. August Schleicher was born in Meiningen (Duchy Saxe-Meiningen, southwest of Weimar in the Thuringian Forest). He began his career studying theology and Indo-European, especially Slavic languages. Influenced by Hegel, he formed the theory that a language is an organism, with periods o ...

Including:

• August Schleicher - Bibliography
• August Schleicher - Literature references

Read more here: » August Schleicher: Encyclopedia - August Schleicher

For Wikipedia's categorization projects, see Wikipedia:Categorization. Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognised and understood. Categorization implies that objects are grouped into categories, usually for some specific purpose. Ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge. Categorization is fundamental in decision making and in all kinds of interaction with the environment. There are, h ...

Including:

• Categorization - The Classical View
• Categorization - Cognitive science

Read more here: » Categorization: Encyclopedia - Categorization

A hierarchy (in Greek: Ιεραρχία, it is derived from ιερός-hieros, sacred, and άρχω-arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element. The first usage in the Oxford English Dictionary for hierarchy is from 1380, where it was used in reference to the three orders of three angels as depicted by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. Areopagite used the word both in reference to t ...

Including:

• Hierarchy - Diverse examples of reasoning with hierarchies
• Hierarchy - Hierarchies in programming
• Hierarchy - Containment hierarchy
• Hierarchy - Social hierarchies
• Hierarchy - Hierarchical nomenclatures in the arts and sciences
• Hierarchy - Alternatives

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Class may refer to: Appliance classes, in the electric appliance manufacturing industry. Character class, in role-playing games. Class (biology), a rank used in taxonomy. Class (computer science), related to object-oriented programming. Class (education), a group of students attending a specific course or lesson, or short for a classroom. Class (movie), a movie published in 1983. Class (philosophy), distinguishes between classes and types. Class (sailing), whe ...

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A controlled vocabulary (also called a taxonomy) is a carefully selected list of words and phrases, which are used to tag units of information so that they may be more easily retrieved by a search.[1][2] The terms are chosen and organized by trained professionals (including librarians and information scientists) who possess expertise in the subject area. Controlle ...

Including:

• Controlled vocabulary - Controlled vocabulary vs. free text searching
• Controlled vocabulary - Applications

Read more here: » Controlled vocabulary: Encyclopedia - Controlled vocabulary

Womyn is the best-known one of a number of alternate spellings intended in radical feminism (see also) misandrist circles to degender the English word women and as female empowerment. Other variants include wimmin (plural), wom!n, womban and womon (singular), while femal (from female) and humyn (human) apply the principle elsewhere. All are pronounced the same as the conventional terms. Womyn - Background. The original meaning of the English word "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz ...

Including:

• Womyn - Background
• Womyn - Arguments
• Womyn - External link

Read more here: » Womyn: Encyclopedia - Womyn

The magpies are medium to large, often colorful and noisy passerine birds in the crow family, Corvidae. They are closely allied to the jays and treepies. The names 'jay', 'treepie' and 'magpie' are to a certain extent interchangeable, not reflecting any genuine genetic difference between the groups. Recent research has cast doubt on the taxonomy of the Pica magpies, since it appears that P. hudsonia and P. nuttalli may not be different species, whereas the Korean race of P. pica is genetically very d ...

Including:

• Magpie - Species

Read more here: » Magpie: Encyclopedia - Magpie

The tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) has four categories of specific developmental disorder: specifc developmental disorders of speech and language, specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills, specific developmental disorder of motor function, and mixed specific developmental disorder. Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorders of speech and language. Specific speech articulation disorder ...

See also:

Specific developmental disorder, Specific developmental disorder - ICD-10 taxonomy, Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorders of speech and language, Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills SDDSS, Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorder of motor function, Specific developmental disorder - Mixed specific developmental disorder, Specific developmental disorder - DSM-IV-TR taxonomy, Specific developmental disorder - Learning Disorders, Specific developmental disorder - Motor Skills Disorders, Specific developmental disorder - Communication Disorders

Read more here: » Specific developmental disorder: Encyclopedia II - Specific developmental disorder - ICD-10 taxonomy

To be useful, ontologies must be expressed in a concrete notation. An ontology language is a formal language by which an ontology is built. There have been a number of data languages for ontologies, both proprietary and standards-based: The Cyc project has its own ontology language based on first-order predicate calculus, with some higher-order extensions, called CycL. KIF was created to serve as a syntax for first order logic that is easy for computers to process OWL is a language for making onto ...

See also:

Ontology computer science, Ontology computer science - Uses for ontologies, Ontology computer science - Anatomy of an ontology, Ontology computer science - Concepts, Ontology computer science - Partition, Ontology computer science - Attributes, Ontology computer science - Relationships in ontologies, Ontology computer science - Taxonomies & the 'directed acyclic graph', Ontology computer science - Ontology languages, Ontology computer science - Examples of Ontologies

Read more here: » Ontology computer science: Encyclopedia II - Ontology computer science - Ontology languages

The text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) categorizes specific developmental disorders as communication disorders, learning disorders, and motor skills disorders. They are all "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence," which also includes pervasive developmental disorders (i.e., the autistic spectrum), attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders, feeding and eating disorders, tic disorders, elimination disorders, and other disorders like selective ...

See also:

Specific developmental disorder, Specific developmental disorder - ICD-10 taxonomy, Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorders of speech and language, Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills SDDSS, Specific developmental disorder - Specific developmental disorder of motor function, Specific developmental disorder - Mixed specific developmental disorder, Specific developmental disorder - DSM-IV-TR taxonomy, Specific developmental disorder - Learning Disorders, Specific developmental disorder - Motor Skills Disorders, Specific developmental disorder - Communication Disorders

Read more here: » Specific developmental disorder: Encyclopedia II - Specific developmental disorder - DSM-IV-TR taxonomy