Lancaster House Agreement

The Zimbabwe African National Union was a political party during the struggle for Rhodesia's, ultimately Zimbabwe's, independence, formed as a split from ZAPU. It won the 1980 elections under the leadership of Robert Mugabe, and eight years later merged again with Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU to form Zanu-PF, the current governing party of the country. Its founder was the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole (1920-2000) in conjunction with an able, activist, black lawyer Herbert Chitepo, who were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of Nkomo. ...

Including:

• Zimbabwe African National Union - See Also

Read more here: » Zimbabwe African National Union: Encyclopedia - Zimbabwe African National Union

The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa. It borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania on the north-east, Malawi on the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to the south, and Angola on the west. Formerly Northern Rhodesia, the country is named after the Zambezi river. Zambia - History. The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia, (called Bushmen) began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. T ...

Including:

• Zambia - History
• Zambia - Politics
• Zambia - Government
• Zambia - Constitution
• Zambia - Judiciary
• Zambia - Provinces
• Zambia - Military
• Zambia - Foreign relations
• Zambia - Education
• Zambia - Geography
• Zambia - Economy
• Zambia - Demographics
• Zambia - Culture
• Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia - Zambia

Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa (born 1925 in former Rhodesia), a Methodist bishop and nationalist leader, was prime minister of the short-lived coalition government in what was called Zimbabwe Rhodesia; he held office for only a few months in 1979. In 1971 the British struck a deal with Ian Smith that provided for a transition to majority rule in exchange for an end to sanctions against the government. Muzorewa joined with an inexperienced cleric, Reverend Canaan Banana, to form the United African National Council (UANC) to oppose the settlement under the acronym "NIBMAR ...

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December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 10 days remaining. December 21 - Events. 69 - Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian becomes the fourth Emperor of Rome within a year. 1620 - Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts. 1861 - Medal of Honor: Public Resolution ...

Including:

• December 21 - Events
• December 21 - Births
• December 21 - Deaths
• December 21 - Holidays and observances

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Rhodesia - 1953–1965. In 1953, with calls for independence mounting in many of its African possessions, the United Kingdom created the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (or the Central African Federation), which consisted of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi, respectively). The idea was to try and steer a middle road between the aspirations of the Black Nationalists (who were Marxist in their politics) and the Colonial administrations, which represented the ...

See also:

Rhodesia, Rhodesia - History, Rhodesia - 1953–1965, Rhodesia - UDI, Rhodesia - The Bush War or Second Chimurenga, Rhodesia - End game, Rhodesia - Independence, Rhodesia - Politics, Rhodesia - Publications, Rhodesia - African perspective, Rhodesia - Settler perspective, Rhodesia - White government perspective, Rhodesia - Land, Rhodesia - Other

Read more here: » Rhodesia: Encyclopedia II - Rhodesia - History

The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia, (called Bushmen) began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants—the Bantu expansion—began in the 12th century. Among them, the Tonga people (also called Batonga) were first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the far east near the "big sea" believed to be the Red Sea where human civilisation started. Other groups followed with the greatest influx coming between the late 17t ...

See also:

Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics & People Groups, Zambia - Religion, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - History

The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants began in the 15th century, with the greatest influx between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. They came primarily from the Luba and Lunda tribes of southern Zaire and northern Angola but were joined in the 19th century by Nguni peoples from the south. By the latter part of that century, the various peoples of Zambia were larg ...

See also:

History of Zambia, History of Zambia - Early History, History of Zambia - Colonial Period, History of Zambia - Independence

Read more here: » History of Zambia: Encyclopedia II - History of Zambia - Early History

In recent years Mugabe has emerged as one of Africa's most controversial leaders. His critics accuse him of being a 'corrupt dictator', and an 'extremely poor role model' for the continent. Nevertheless, Mugabe retains considerable popularity throughout Africa. For example, in 2004 the monthly magazine New African had its readers vote for the "100 greatest Africans" last year, Mugabe won a third-place finish, topped only by Nelson Mandela and Ghanaian independence hero Kwame Nkrumah. In addition, in December 2005, Kenneth Kaunda, Zamb ...

See also:

Robert Mugabe, Robert Mugabe - Early life, Robert Mugabe - Anti-colonial conflict, Robert Mugabe - Prime Minister then Executive President, Robert Mugabe - Social programmes, Robert Mugabe - Land reforms, Robert Mugabe - 2000 referendum, Robert Mugabe - Elections, Robert Mugabe - Foreign opposition to Mugabe, Robert Mugabe - Succession, Robert Mugabe - Personal, Robert Mugabe - Contemporaries, Robert Mugabe - Events, Robert Mugabe - Parties, Robert Mugabe - Reference

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The war saw the extensive operation of Rhodesian regulars as well as elite units such as the Selous Scouts and the Rhodesian SAS. The Rhodesian Army fought bitterly against the black nationalist guerrillas. The Rhodesian Army comprised regiments such as the Rhodesian African Rifles and conscription was eventually introduced to supplement the professional soldiers and the many volunteers from overseas. By 1978 all white males up to the age of 60 were subject to periodic call-up into the army; younger men up to 35 might expect to spend alterna ...

See also:

Second Chimurenga, Second Chimurenga - Rhodesian equipment and personnel, Second Chimurenga - Nationalist rebel equipment and personnel, Second Chimurenga - Timeline of the war, Second Chimurenga - Resolution

Read more here: » Second Chimurenga: Encyclopedia II - Second Chimurenga - Rhodesian equipment and personnel

Hunzvi is thought to have been arrested by the Rhodesian government in his teenage years for involvement in black nationalist movements. Unlike Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo, however, Hunzvi did not become a key figure in the workings of Zimbabwean Independence. Instead, he took an opportunity to study medicine in Eastern Europe where he married a Polish woman named Wieslawa Hunzvi and became fluent in both French and Romanian. In 1979, in the middle of his studies, Hunzvi visited London in order to attend the Lancaster House Agreeme ...

See also:

Chenjerai Hunzvi, Chenjerai Hunzvi - Education in Europe, Chenjerai Hunzvi - Political Career

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The Rhodesian economy experienced a modest boom in the early 1970s. Real per capita earnings for blacks and whites reached record highs, although the disparity in incomes between blacks and whites remained, with blacks earning only about one-tenth as much as whites. After 1975, however, Rhodesia's economy was undermined by the cumulative effects of sanctions, declining earnings from commodity exports, worsening guerilla conflict, and increasing white emigration. When Mozambique severed economic ties, the Ian Smith regime was forced to depend ...

See also:

Economy of Zimbabwe, Economy of Zimbabwe - Overview, Economy of Zimbabwe - Rhodesian Influenced Growth, Economy of Zimbabwe - Infrastructure and resources, Economy of Zimbabwe - Effects of political turmoil on the economy

Read more here: » Economy of Zimbabwe: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Zimbabwe - Rhodesian Influenced Growth

Rhodesia - 1953-1965. In 1953, with calls for independence mounting in many of its African possessions, the United Kingdom created the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (or the Central African Federation), which consisted of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi respectively). The idea was to try and steer a middle road between the aspirations of the Black Nationalists (who were Marxist in their politics) and the Colonial administrations which represented the inte ...

See also:

Rhodesia, Rhodesia - History, Rhodesia - 1953-1965, Rhodesia - UDI, Rhodesia - The Bush War or Second Chimurenga, Rhodesia - End game, Rhodesia - Independence, Rhodesia - Politics, Rhodesia - Some Publications

Read more here: » Rhodesia: Encyclopedia II - Rhodesia - History

The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia, (called Bushmen) began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants—the Bantu expansion—began in the 12th century. Among them, the Tonga people were first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the far east near the "big sea" believed to be the Red Sea where human civilisation started. Other groups followed with the greatest influx coming between the late 17th and early 19th centu ...

See also:

Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - History

Declaration of Independence of Guinea-Bissau (1973) - Guinea-Bissau, formerly Portuguese Guinea, declared independence from Portugal in 1973. The declaration was recognized by many countries. Portugal formally granted independence in 1974. East Timorese Declaration of Independence (1975) - East Timor, formerly Portuguese Timor, declared independence from Portugal on November 28. The declaration was recognized by several Communist (Marxist-Leninist) and Third World nations, including the P ...

See also:

Declaration of independence, Declaration of independence - Overview, Declaration of independence - List of UDIs, Declaration of independence - Possible future UDI in Quebec, Declaration of independence - Independence without a UDI

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In international law, unilateral declarations of independence are generally frowned upon, since preservation of territory is one of the few things that the countries of the world universally agree upon. Declaring independence or supporting such a declaration is seen as a hostile act that may easily lead to war. Money is often an important factor when one state attempts to succeed another, with control of important resources such as ports, oil fields or strategic towns or geographic features leading to dispute. If a government has extremely l ...

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Declaration of independence, Declaration of independence - Overview, Declaration of independence - List of UDIs, Declaration of independence - Possible future UDI in Quebec, Declaration of independence - Independence without a UDI

Read more here: » Declaration of independence: Encyclopedia II - Declaration of independence - Overview

Over 70 percent of Zambians live in poverty. Per capita annual incomes are currently at about one-half their levels at independence and, at $395, place the country among the world's poorest nations. Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 37 years) and maternal mortality (729 per 100,000 pregnancies). The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS related issues (i.e., rising medical costs, decline in worker productivity) ...

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Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics & People Groups, Zambia - Religion, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - Economy

In recent years, poor management of the economy and political turmoil has led to considerable economic hardship. The Government of Zimbabwe's chaotic land reform program, recurrent interference with, and intimidation of, the judiciary, as well as maintenance of unrealistic price controls and exchange rates has led to a sharp drop in investor confidence. Since 2000, the national economy has contracted by as much as 40%; inflation has vaulted over 600% and as of January 2006 was 512%; and there have been persistent shortages of foreign exchang ...

See also:

Economy of Zimbabwe, Economy of Zimbabwe - Overview, Economy of Zimbabwe - Rhodesian Influenced Growth, Economy of Zimbabwe - Infrastructure and resources, Economy of Zimbabwe - Effects of political turmoil on the economy

Read more here: » Economy of Zimbabwe: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Zimbabwe - Effects of political turmoil on the economy

Zimbabwe has adequate internal transportation and electrical power networks. Paved roads link the major urban and industrial centres, and rail lines managed by the National Railways of Zimbabwe tie it into an extensive central African railroad network with all its neighbours. In non-drought years, it has adequate electrical power, mainly generated by the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River but augmented since 1983 by large thermal plants adjacent to the Wankie coal field. The tele ...

See also:

Economy of Zimbabwe, Economy of Zimbabwe - Overview, Economy of Zimbabwe - Rhodesian Influenced Growth, Economy of Zimbabwe - Infrastructure and resources, Economy of Zimbabwe - Effects of political turmoil on the economy

Read more here: » Economy of Zimbabwe: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Zimbabwe - Infrastructure and resources

Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, with a tropical climate and consists mostly of high plateau with some hills and mountains. Three major rivers run through Zambia: The Kafue, the Luangwa and the Zambezi. The last forms part of the border with Namibia and the whole border with Zimbabwe. ...

See also:

Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics & People Groups, Zambia - Religion, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - Geography

Zambia's present-day culture exhibits a blend of historical and cultural features from the past as well as the present. Traditional African practices and understandings continue to influence many aspects of Zambian culture. The impact of the colonial era can also be seen in the lives of the people. Finally, present-day global expressions and forces contribute to the cultural landscape. Music of Zambia: traditional, popular, Christian Traditional Zambian ceremonies and rituals Traditional Z ...

See also:

Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics & People Groups, Zambia - Religion, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - Culture