Kurgan

Kurgan (кургáн) is the Russian word (of Turkic origin) for tumulus, a type of burial mound or barrow, heaped over a burial chamber, often of wood. In 1956 Marija Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis combining kurgan archaeology with linguistics to locate the origins of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples. She tentatively named the culture "Kurgan" after their distinctive burial mounds and traced its diffusion into Europe. This hypothesis has had a significant impact on Indo-European research. ...

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Kurgan - Archaeology

Kurgan - Some excavated kurgans

Kurgan - Literature

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Aleksandrovo kurgan The Aleksandrovo kurgan is a Thracian kurgan excavated near Aleksandrovo, South-Eastern Bulgaria, dated to ca. the 4th century BC. Bulgarian Archaeologist Georgi Kitov examined the kurgan in 2001, discovering a round chamber with a diameter of ca. 3 meters, accessible through small antechamber and a tunnel of a length of ca. 6 meters. Both antechamber and main chamber are decorated with well-preserved frescoes. The fresco in the main chamber depicts a hunting-scene where a boar is attacked by a mounted hunter and a naked man wielding a double-axe. The scene is interpreted as mythological, the naked man representi

Kurgan: Encyclopedia II - Kurgan - Archaeology

Kurgan type barrows were characteristic of Bronze Age nomadic peoples of the steppes, from the Altai to the Caucasus and Romania. Sometimes, burial mounds are quite complex structures with internal chambers. Within the burial chamber at the heart of the kurgan, members of the elite were buried with grave goods and sacrificial offerings, sometimes including horses and chariots. K ...

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Yamna culture - Sources

Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Cairn

A cairn is a manmade pile of stones. They are nearly always in uplands, on moors or mountain tops. The term tends to be used in reference to Scotland, but is occasionally used elsewhere. Cairn - Purpose. They are built for several purposes: To mark a path across stony or barren terrain, and across glaciers. To mark the summit of a mountain. To mark a burial site, or in commemoration of the dead. Some are also merely sites where a farmer has removed large amounts of st ...

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Aryan

Aryan is an English word derived from the Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. The Old Persian ariya- is a cognate as well. Beyond its use as the ethnic self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Iranians, the meaning "noble" has been attached to it in Sanskrit. During the 19th century, following Max Müller's 'Aryan invasion theory', the term gained an added meaning, being used in the West to refer to what are now called the 'Prot ...

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Aryan - Racist connotations

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Scythia

Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by a group of Iranian people speaking Indo-Iranian languages, known as the Scythians. The location and extent of Scythia varied over time, from the Altai region where Mongolia, China, Russia, and Kazakhstan come together, across South of Ukraine to the lower Danube river area, Bulgaria and Georgia. The Saka were Asian Scythians and were known as Sai (Character: ...

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Scythia - Sakas

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Bronze Age sword

Bronze Age swords appear from around the 17th century BC, evolving out of the dagger. The 3rd millennium Sumerian "sickle-sword" is an early predecessor of the backsword. Early examples with typical leaf-shaped blades are found in Mesopotamia, around the Mediterranean, particularly in Crete, and around the Black Sea. Sword production in China is attested from the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty, with steel swords making their appearance from the 3rd century BC Qin Dynasty. The Chinese Dao (刀 pinyin dāo) is single-edged, sometimes translated as sabre or br ...

Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Tumulus

A tumulus (plural tumuli or tumuluses) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans and can be found throughout much of the world. A tumulus composed largely or entirely of stones is usually referred to as a cairn. The method of inhumation may involve a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe. Tumulus - Sites.

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Tumulus - Sites

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Andronovo culture

The Andronovo culture is a cover term for a group of Bronze Age cultures of southern Siberia and Central Asia, ca. 2300–1000 BCE. It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. The name derives from the village of Andronovo (55°53′N 55°42′E), where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. At least four sub-cultures have been since distinguished, during which the culture expands towards the south and the east:Including:

Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Indo-Aryan migration

Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and philological data indicates that there was a shift of settlements from the northwestern part of South Asia to the Gangetic valley and to the south during the second millennium BCE, but does not clearly support a migration of Indo-Aryan people into South Asia. Based on linguistic data, many scholars have argued that Indo-Aryan speakers invaded in South Asia in the second millennium BCE. This correspo ...

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Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology

Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Mound

A mound is a general term for pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris heaped for protection or concealment. Most often, it is elevated by natural circumstances like hills and mountains. The term may also be applied to natural isolated earthen elevations (hills). In archaeology, mounds erected for specific purposes, most commonly, at a burial site, have designated names. Mound - Mound types. Cairn Chambered cairn Platform mound K ...

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Mound - Mound types

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian stone stela

The anthropomorphic stone stelae found in the Ukrainian steppe, with some finds extending the area to Moldavia, the northern Caucasus (Southern Federal District) and the area north of the Caspian Sea (western Kazakhstan), date from the Copper Age (ca. 4000 BC–2000 BC), through the Cimmerian period and Scythian and Sarmatian times to the early Slavs of the 1st millennium CE. They were first described by Erik Lasote, ambassador to emperor Rudolf, in 1594, who recorded "seven beacons, images cut from stone, and they ...

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Beaker culture

The Beaker culture (also Bell-Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk, German Glockenbecherkultur), ca. 2600 — 1900 BC, is the term for a widely but spottily scattered archaeological culture of prehistoric western Europe starting in the late Neolithic (stone age) running into the early bronze age. Beaker culture - Extent. Its remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding the central massif), Great Britain and Ireland, the Low Countries, and Ger ...

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia - 4th millennium BC

(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) 4th millennium BC - Events. Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potter's wheel, 4000–2000 BCE. Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. Epoch of the modern Hebrew Calendar occurred on 7 October 3761 BC. < ...

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4th millennium BC - Environmental changes

Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Bashkir language

The Bashkir language is a Turkic language. Bashkir language - Speakers. The 1989 population census showed over 1,047,000 native speakers of the Bashkir language living in the USSR. Additional 26,737 claimed Bashkir to be their secondary language. Approximately 300,000 Bashkirs said that Tatar was their native language. Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan, as well as in neighboring Tatarstan and Udmurtia. Substantial number of the speakers also ...

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Kurgan: Encyclopedia II - Kurgan Oblast - Geography

Kurgan Oblast - Time zone. Kurgan Oblast is located in the Yekaterinburg Time Zone (YEKT/YEKST). UTC offset is +0500 (YEKT)/+0600 (YEKST). ...

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