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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Kosala | | | |  Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior ClanIn India, the Kambojas seem to have belonged to the Kshatriya caste of Indo-Aryan society.
The earliest and most powerful reference endorsing the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas is Panini's fifth century BCE Ashtadhyayi. Panini refers to the Kamboja Janapada, and mentions it as "one of the fifteen powerful Kshatriya Janapadas" of his times, inhabited and ruled by Kamboja Kshatriyas (Ashtadhy ...
See also:Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Ikshvaku - In Vedic History Hindu mythology calls Ikshvaku and his line the emperors of the world. The world in Vedic terms, extended fairly to all of Bharat, or all of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Ikshvaku was perhaps one of the earliest and most important Indo-Aryan monarchs of India, and played a pivotal role in the transformation of the ancient Vedic religion into modern Hinduism, and its propagation throughout India.
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See also:Ikshvaku, Ikshvaku - In Hinduism, Ikshvaku - In Vedic History, Ikshvaku - House of Ikshvaku, Ikshvaku - Comtemporary Theories, Ikshvaku - See Also Read more here: » Ikshvaku: Encyclopedia II - Ikshvaku - In Vedic History |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - Gupta and Harsha The Classical Age refers to the period when most of North India was reunited under the Gupta Empire (ca. 320CE–550). Because of the relative peace, law and order, and extensive cultural achievements during this period, it has been described as a "golden age" that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture with all its variety, and synthesis. The golden age was confined to the north, and the classical patterns began to spread south only after the Gupta Empire had vanished from the historical scene. The military ex ...
See also:Middle kingdoms of India, Middle kingdoms of India - Kingdoms and Empires, Middle kingdoms of India - The Mauryan Empire, Middle kingdoms of India - Foreign kingdoms, Middle kingdoms of India - The Deccan and the south, Middle kingdoms of India - Gupta and Harsha, Middle kingdoms of India - The southern rivals Read more here: » Middle kingdoms of India: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - Gupta and Harsha |
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| | | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - The Deccan and the south During the Kushana Dynasty, an indigenous power, the Satavahana Kingdom (first century BC–3rd century CE), rose in the Deccan in southern India. The Satavahana, or Andhra, Kingdom was considerably influenced by the Mauryan political model, although power was decentralized in the hands of local chieftains, who used the symbols of Vedic religion and upheld the varnashramadharma. The rulers, however, were eclectic and patronized Buddhist monuments, such as those in Ellora (Maharashtra) and Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh). Thus, the Deccan served as a bridge through which politics, trade, ...
See also:Middle kingdoms of India, Middle kingdoms of India - Kingdoms and Empires, Middle kingdoms of India - The Mauryan Empire, Middle kingdoms of India - Foreign kingdoms, Middle kingdoms of India - The Deccan and the south, Middle kingdoms of India - Gupta and Harsha, Middle kingdoms of India - The southern rivals Read more here: » Middle kingdoms of India: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - The Deccan and the south |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and settled originally in the Punjab region. From there, according to this theory, they gradually penetrated eastward, clearing dense forests and establishing 'tribal' settlements along the Ganga and Yamuna (Jamuna) plains between 1500 BCE and 800 BCE; they ruled over this area after forming the basis of the three upper castes. This period corresponds to the Vedic ...
See also:Middle kingdoms of India, Middle kingdoms of India - Kingdoms and Empires, Middle kingdoms of India - The Mauryan Empire, Middle kingdoms of India - Foreign kingdoms, Middle kingdoms of India - The Deccan and the south, Middle kingdoms of India - Gupta and Harsha, Middle kingdoms of India - The southern rivals Read more here: » Middle kingdoms of India: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - Kingdoms and Empires |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Ikshvaku - House of Ikshvaku Sri Rama, the seventh and most famous Avatara of Vishnu, of the epic Ramayana is a descendant of the house of Ikshvaku.
Great kings like Bhagiratha and Dasaratha were also kings in the line before Rama. After Rama, the kingdom and the worldwide domains were divided equally between his two sons, Luv, king of the northern and western realms, and Kusa, who was made king of the southern and eastern realms.
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See also:Ikshvaku, Ikshvaku - In Hinduism, Ikshvaku - In Vedic History, Ikshvaku - House of Ikshvaku, Ikshvaku - Comtemporary Theories, Ikshvaku - See Also Read more here: » Ikshvaku: Encyclopedia II - Ikshvaku - House of Ikshvaku |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen The horses of the Kambojas were famous throughout all periods of ancient history. Ancient literature is overflowing with excellent references to the famed Kamboja horses. The Puranas, the Epics, ancient Sanskrit plays, the Buddhist Jatakas, the Jaina Canon, and numerous other ancient sources, all agree that the horses of the Kambojas were a foremost breed.
In Buddhist texts like Manorathpurani, Kunala Jataka and Samangavilasini, the Kamboja land is spoke ...
See also:Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great Because the Kambojas were famous for their horses (ashva) and as cavalry-men (ashvaka) they were also popularly called "Ashvakas". The Ashvakas inhabited Eastern Afghanistan, and were included within the more general term Kambojas[6].French scholars like Dr. E. Lamotte also identify the Ashvakas with the Kambojas[7]. According to one line of schola ...
See also:Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire The Mudrarakshas play of Visakhadutta as well as the Jain work Parisishtaparvan refers to Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka. The Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite army made up of Yavanas, Kambojas, Sakas, Kiratas, Parasikas and Bahlikas (Bactrians) (Mudrarakshas, II).
With the help of these frontier martial tribes from the northwest, Chandragupta was able to defeat the Greek successors of Alexander the Great, as well as the Nanda rulers of Magadha ...
See also:Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas Analysis of ancent Sanskrit texts[3] and inscriptions place the Kambojas, Gandharas, Yavanas, Madras, and the Sakas in the Uttarapatha - the northern division of Jambudvipa (the innermost concentric island continent in Hindu scripture). Geographically, this area sat along, and was named for, the main trade route from the mouth the Ganges to Balkh, now a small town in Northen Afghanistan. ...
See also:Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Rama - The Destruction of Khara Rama is asked to help and protect the rishis of the forest who were being terrorized by Khara, a powerful half-brother of Ravana, who had been assigned to rule this area by Ravana. Khara and his demonic legions would kill rishis, disrupt their sacrifices, undertake sinful activities, and oppress the people.
According to the Valmiki Ramayana, an area of the forest was under Surpanaka, sister of Ravana, and he was passing by Panchawati. She witnesses Rama, Sita and Lakshmana passing, and tries to flatter and seduce Rama. Rama tel ...
See also:Rama, Rama - Origins, Rama - Prince of Ayodhya, Rama - The Avatara, Rama - With Vishwamitra, Rama - Marriage to Sita, Rama - Rama's Arrow, Rama - Banishment to the Forest, Rama - The Destruction of Khara, Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita, Rama - In Kishkindya, Rama - The War, Rama - Rama Rajya, Rama - Uttara Kanda, Rama - Sita's banishment, Rama - In History and Mythology, Rama - Modern Portrayal in India, Rama - Symbolism of Rama, Rama - Portrayal in South East Asia Read more here: » Rama: Encyclopedia II - Rama - The Destruction of Khara |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Rama - Uttara Kanda The Uttara Kanda, the last book of the Ramayana is the most controversial, and appears to have been a later addition to the original epic.
Rama - Sita's banishment.
In the Uttara Kanda, Rama banishes his wife Sita, even as she is pregnant with his child, asking Lakshmana to deliver her safely to Rishi Valmiki's ashram. He does so when it is reported to him that some subjects of his in Ayodhya believe that Sita is unchaste due to their long captivity in Ravana's city. The Agni Pariksha fails t ...
See also:Rama, Rama - Origins, Rama - Prince of Ayodhya, Rama - The Avatara, Rama - With Vishwamitra, Rama - Marriage to Sita, Rama - Rama's Arrow, Rama - Banishment to the Forest, Rama - The Destruction of Khara, Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita, Rama - In Kishkindya, Rama - The War, Rama - Rama Rajya, Rama - Uttara Kanda, Rama - Sita's banishment, Rama - In History and Mythology, Rama - Modern Portrayal in India, Rama - Symbolism of Rama, Rama - Portrayal in South East Asia Read more here: » Rama: Encyclopedia II - Rama - Uttara Kanda |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita Surpanaka goes to Lanka, and tells the whole story to Ravana. She suggests that he kidnap Sita and marry her, so that Rama would be insulted and devastated.
Ravana convinces Maricha, one of the mayawi rakshasas, possessors of mystic powers. He tells him to convert himself to a golden deer and go near Panchwati so that Sita will be attracted to it.
And the same happens. Sita asks Rama to bring him. Rama chases the deer, but sensing mischief, that the deer is simply a decoy for some evil purpose, fires an arrow at it and M ...
See also:Rama, Rama - Origins, Rama - Prince of Ayodhya, Rama - The Avatara, Rama - With Vishwamitra, Rama - Marriage to Sita, Rama - Rama's Arrow, Rama - Banishment to the Forest, Rama - The Destruction of Khara, Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita, Rama - In Kishkindya, Rama - The War, Rama - Rama Rajya, Rama - Uttara Kanda, Rama - Sita's banishment, Rama - In History and Mythology, Rama - Modern Portrayal in India, Rama - Symbolism of Rama, Rama - Portrayal in South East Asia Read more here: » Rama: Encyclopedia II - Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Rama - Modern Portrayal in India Dussera, the day of Rama's victory over Ravana, and Diwali, his return to Ayodhya are the biggest festivals of the year in India.
The Ramayana was created into a major epic television series in India in the late 1980s, and was tirelessly watched by hundreds of millions of people across the country, even though television sets were scarce.
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See also:Rama, Rama - Origins, Rama - Prince of Ayodhya, Rama - The Avatara, Rama - With Vishwamitra, Rama - Marriage to Sita, Rama - Rama's Arrow, Rama - Banishment to the Forest, Rama - The Destruction of Khara, Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita, Rama - In Kishkindya, Rama - The War, Rama - Rama Rajya, Rama - Uttara Kanda, Rama - Sita's banishment, Rama - In History and Mythology, Rama - Modern Portrayal in India, Rama - Symbolism of Rama, Rama - Portrayal in South East Asia Read more here: » Rama: Encyclopedia II - Rama - Modern Portrayal in India |
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| | | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Uttar Pradesh - History Uttar Pradesh plays an extremely important role in the history and growth of Hinduism, and in the history of ancient India. Indeed, the region has been vital to the power and stability of all of India's empires and kingdoms, of Hindus, Muslims and Europeans.
Although the Rig Veda was composed on the banks of the Sindhu and Saraswati rivers, the other three holy Vedas were said to have been composed by the banks of the rivers Ganga, Yamuna and others. The region came to be known as Aryavarta (Land of the Ar ...
See also:Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh - Creation, Uttar Pradesh - Population, Uttar Pradesh - History, Uttar Pradesh - Constituent regions, Uttar Pradesh - Divisions and districts, Uttar Pradesh - Languages, Uttar Pradesh - Politics, Uttar Pradesh - Education, Uttar Pradesh - Tourism, Uttar Pradesh - Arts and crafts, Uttar Pradesh - See Also Read more here: » Uttar Pradesh: Encyclopedia II - Uttar Pradesh - History |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Rama - Marriage to Sita Sita Devi is the Avatara of the Goddess Lakshmi, who is the eternal consort and female form of Vishnu. Just as Rama is the manifestation of perfect manhood, Sita idealizes the Perfect Woman through her performance of her duties to religion, as a wife to her husband and as a mother to her children, and collectively as a woman in human society. Sita is the adopted daughter of king Janaka, and the daught ...
See also:Rama, Rama - Origins, Rama - Prince of Ayodhya, Rama - The Avatara, Rama - With Vishwamitra, Rama - Marriage to Sita, Rama - Rama's Arrow, Rama - Banishment to the Forest, Rama - The Destruction of Khara, Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita, Rama - In Kishkindya, Rama - The War, Rama - Rama Rajya, Rama - Uttara Kanda, Rama - Sita's banishment, Rama - In History and Mythology, Rama - Modern Portrayal in India, Rama - Symbolism of Rama, Rama - Portrayal in South East Asia Read more here: » Rama: Encyclopedia II - Rama - Marriage to Sita |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Rama - With Vishwamitra When Rama is around 14-15 years old, he and his brother Lakshmana are taken by Vishwamitra to the forests, with the purpose of killing rakshasas who are wrecking the tapasya and sacrifices of brahmins.
Rama and Lakshmana are taught the advanced military arts and given the knowledge of all celestial weapons by Vishwamitra. Rama proceeds to slay Tataka, a cursed demoness. When asked to slay the yaksha demon, Rama demurrs, considering it sinful to kill a woman. But Vishwamitra explains to him that evil has no gender. The killing of Tatak ...
See also:Rama, Rama - Origins, Rama - Prince of Ayodhya, Rama - The Avatara, Rama - With Vishwamitra, Rama - Marriage to Sita, Rama - Rama's Arrow, Rama - Banishment to the Forest, Rama - The Destruction of Khara, Rama - The Kidnapping of Sita, Rama - In Kishkindya, Rama - The War, Rama - Rama Rajya, Rama - Uttara Kanda, Rama - Sita's banishment, Rama - In History and Mythology, Rama - Modern Portrayal in India, Rama - Symbolism of Rama, Rama - Portrayal in South East Asia Read more here: » Rama: Encyclopedia II - Rama - With Vishwamitra |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Lakshmana - With Rama Lakshmana is said to be the incarnation of Sheshanaga or the thousand-headed Naga upon whom rests Lord Vishnu in the primordial ocean of milk, the Kshirasagara. The Lord of Serpents, Sheshanaga was incarnated to the earth in the form of Lakshmana and during the Dwapar Yuga, he incarnated as Balrama. He is the eternal companion of Vishnu.
Lakshmana is part of the Mariyada Purshottamm, or The Perfect Man personified by Rama, by his unswerving loyalty, love and commitment to his elder brother through times ...
See also:Lakshmana, Lakshmana - Birth and Family, Lakshmana - With Rama, Lakshmana - During the Exile, Lakshmana - The Lakshmana Rekha, Lakshmana - Prowess in War, Lakshmana - Sanjivani, Lakshmana - Legacy Read more here: » Lakshmana: Encyclopedia II - Lakshmana - With Rama |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Lakshmana - Prowess in War Lakshmana is considered a powerful warrior equal to Rama. In the war against Ravana and his Lankan army of rakshasas, Lakshmana slays thousands of powerful demons such as Atikaya and Prahasta, Ravana's chief commanders, and his son Indrajit. With Rama, he also slays Kumbhakarna, the great giant rakshasa.
His killing of Indrajit was considered to be the turning point of the war, as Indrajit was almost invincible, having ov ...
See also:Lakshmana, Lakshmana - Birth and Family, Lakshmana - With Rama, Lakshmana - During the Exile, Lakshmana - The Lakshmana Rekha, Lakshmana - Prowess in War, Lakshmana - Sanjivani, Lakshmana - Legacy Read more here: » Lakshmana: Encyclopedia II - Lakshmana - Prowess in War |
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| | | | | Kosala: Encyclopedia II - Lakshmana - Sanjivani Lakshmana is injured by a mystical weapon fired by Indrajit, which renders him unconscious and appearing to be dead. Rama and the others are shocked and in sorrow, when the army's physician explains that only with the special herb sanjivani that grows on a mountain in the Himalayan range, can Lakshmana be revived and brought back to life.
Hanumana, the great monkey warrior flies all the way across the length of Bharat to reach the mountain in the Himalayas. Not knowing which is the magical herb and knowing there was no time to ...
See also:Lakshmana, Lakshmana - Birth and Family, Lakshmana - With Rama, Lakshmana - During the Exile, Lakshmana - The Lakshmana Rekha, Lakshmana - Prowess in War, Lakshmana - Sanjivani, Lakshmana - Legacy Read more here: » Lakshmana: Encyclopedia II - Lakshmana - Sanjivani |
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