On March 24, 1794 in Kraków General Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War pronounced the general uprising and assumed the powers of the commander in chief of the entire Polish Army, becoming the de facto dictator of Poland. He also vowed to use the powers not to oppress any person, but to defend the entirety of the borders of Poland, regain the independence of the nation and to strengt ...

See also:

Kościuszko Uprising, Kościuszko Uprising - Background, Kościuszko Uprising - Uprising, Kościuszko Uprising - Aftermath

Read more here: » Kościuszko Uprising: Encyclopedia II - Kościuszko Uprising - Uprising

Lithuanian nation rose in 7th – 9th centuries AC from Baltic nations group. Balts, the ancestors of Lithuanians and Latvians, had arrived to territories between Dnepr, Daugava rivers and the Baltic sea from hypothetic Indo-European original homeland. Many scientists date this arrival to 3 millenary BC. We may only suppose, that Balts, which had been arrived with the main wave of Indo-Europeans, were not included in forming processes or later Indo-European nations in South and Western Europe. Balts stayed away from this development, ...

Including:

• Culture of Lithuania - Pre-lithuanian period till about the end of 10th century AD.
• Culture of Lithuania - Period of rising of Lithuanian nation 10th – 14th centuries AC
• Culture of Lithuania - The Early Christian period The end of 14th – middle of 15th century
• Culture of Lithuania - The christening of Lithuania
• Culture of Lithuania - Cultural changes in lower estates
• Culture of Lithuania - Cultural changes in higher estates
• Culture of Lithuania - The earlier part of Middle Christian period The middle of 16th – end of 17th century
• Culture of Lithuania - The Protestant Reformation in G.D.L.
• Culture of Lithuania - Printing of books
• Culture of Lithuania - Lithuanian-language culture and its situation
• Culture of Lithuania - The later part of Middle Christian period
• Culture of Lithuania - List of cultural events of XVIII – XX centuries

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The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, "The Enlightenment." This movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as courageous and elite, and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward progress and out ...

Including:

• Age of Enlightenment - Short history of Enlightenment philosophy
• Age of Enlightenment - Key conflicts within Enlightenment-period philosophy
• Age of Enlightenment - Role of the Enlightenment in later philosophy
• Age of Enlightenment - Precursors of the Enlightenment
• Age of Enlightenment - Important figures of the Enlightenment era
• Age of Enlightenment - External references

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The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja) is claimed to be Europe's first modern codified national constitution as well as the second oldest constitution in the world. It was instituted by the Government Act (Polish: Ustawa rządowa) adopted on that date by the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equ ...

Including:

• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes

Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791

Wojciech Kossak (Paris, France, December 31, 1857 – July 29, 1942, Kraków, Poland) was a Polish painter and member of the celebrated Kossak family of painters and writers. Wojciech Kossak's work was very different in subject matter and style from Jan Matejko's; Kossak belonged to a later generation of artists. Like Matejko, however, he is known for paintings depicting the history of Polish arms and notable battles of Central and Eastern Europe. Among his mo ...

Including:

• Wojciech Kossak - External link

Read more here: » Wojciech Kossak: Encyclopedia - Wojciech Kossak

The Battle of Racławice was one of the first battles of the Polish Kościuszko Uprising against Russia. It was fought on April 4, 1794 near the village of Racławice in Lesser Poland. The Polish forces prepared for the battle were relatively small. The Polish Order of Battle was as follows: In addition, Lesser Poland fielded also approximately 2 000 peasants armed with war scythes and pikes, as well as 11 cannons. The outcome of the battle was a tactical Polish victory, with Kościuszko defeating the numerically supperi ...

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The boundaries of the Enlightenment cover much of the 17th century as well, though others term the previous era "The Age of Reason." For the present purposes, these two eras are split; however, it is equally acceptable to think of them conjoined as one long period. Throughout the 1500s and half of the 1600s, Europe was ravaged by religious wars. When the political situation stabilized after the Peace of Westphalia and at the end of the English Civil War, there was an upheaval which overturned the notions of mysticism and faith in indi ...

See also:

Age of Enlightenment, Age of Enlightenment - History of Enlightenment philosophy, Age of Enlightenment - Key conflicts within Enlightenment-period philosophy, Age of Enlightenment - Role of the Enlightenment in later philosophy, Age of Enlightenment - Precursors of the Enlightenment, Age of Enlightenment - Important figures of the Enlightenment era

Read more here: » Age of Enlightenment: Encyclopedia II - Age of Enlightenment - History of Enlightenment philosophy

The Russian forces consisted of two battle-hardened corps under Generals Aleksandr Suvorov and Ivan Fersen. The former took part in the recent Russo-Turkish war, then in the heavy fighting in Polesie and finally in the Battle of Maciejowice. The latter fought for several months in Poland, but was also joined by fresh reinforcements sent from Russia. Each of them had approximately 11,000 men. The Polish forces consisted of a variety of troops. Apart from the rallied remnants of the Kościuszko's army defeated in the Battle of Maciejowi ...

See also:

Battle of Praga, Battle of Praga - Eve of the battle, Battle of Praga - Opposing forces, Battle of Praga - Battle, Battle of Praga - The Slaughter, Battle of Praga - After the battle, Battle of Praga - Notes

Read more here: » Battle of Praga: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Praga - Opposing forces

History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572

History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385. Main article: History of Poland (966-1385) The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572

As a major European power, Russia could not escape the wars involving revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Paul became an adamant opponent of France, and Russia joined Britain and Austria in a war against France. Paul's support for the ideals of the Knights Hospitaller (and his acceptance of the position of Grand Master) alienated many members of his court. Along with his liberal policies towards the lower classes, and his discovery of corruption in the treasury, his zeal for reform sea ...

See also:

Military history of Imperial Russia, Military history of Imperial Russia - Peter the Great and the Russian Empire, Military history of Imperial Russia - The era of Russian palace revolutions, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russian imperial expansion and maturation—Catherine II, Military history of Imperial Russia - Partition of Poland, Military history of Imperial Russia - Pugachev Revolt and Alexander Suvorov, Military history of Imperial Russia - After the Catherine, Military history of Imperial Russia - Napoleonic Wars and the Decembrists' Revolt, Military history of Imperial Russia - Crimean War, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russo-Japanese War, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russian Revolution of 1917, Military history of Imperial Russia - World War I

Read more here: » Military history of Imperial Russia: Encyclopedia II - Military history of Imperial Russia - Napoleonic Wars and the Decembrists' Revolt

The land is mostly flat, drained by two major watershed systems; the Noteć (German: Netze) in the north and the Warta (German: Warthe) in the center. Ice Age glaciers left moraine deposits and the land is speckled with hundreds of "finger lakes", streams flowing in and out on their way to one of the two rivers. Agriculture was the primary industry, as one would expect for the 1800s. The three-field system was used to grow a variety of crops, primarily rye, sugar beets, potatoes, other grains, and some tobacco and hops. ...

See also:

Province of Posen, Province of Posen - Description, Province of Posen - Changing hands, Province of Posen - Ethnic conflict, Province of Posen - Statistics, Province of Posen - Divisions, Province of Posen - The Presidents German: Oberpräsidenten of Province of Posen, Province of Posen - Article Map

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The town has existed since at least the 10th century. In the Middle Ages it was one of the most important castles defending Masovia against the attacks of Prussians and Lithuanians. According to a legend, the town initially was known as Tusk. After an earthquake destroyed half of the city it was renamed to Pułtusk (Pół- or puł- being a Polish prefix for a half). However, scientists assume that the town got its name afte ...

See also:

Pułtusk, Pułtusk - History, Pułtusk - Tourist attractions, Pułtusk - Education

Read more here: » Pułtusk: Encyclopedia II - Pułtusk - History

Tadeusz Kościuszko - Early life. Tadeusz Kościuszko was born February 4, 1746, in the village of Mereszowszczyzna in Polesie, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Kosova in Belarus), to the szlachta family of Ludwik Tadeusz Kościuszko and Tekla (née Ratomska). His family's ancestor was a certain Konstanty, a courtier of king Sigismund I who in 1509 was granted the village of Siechnowicze, given nobility, became szlachcic, and used the Roch III Coat of Arms. However, by the time Tadeusz was born his family was already somewhat impoverished and the vill ...

See also:

Tadeusz Kościuszko, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Biography, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Early life, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Kościuszko in France, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Return to Poland, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Dresden and Paris, Tadeusz Kościuszko - American Revolutionary War, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Return to Poland, Tadeusz Kościuszko - War in Defence of the Constitution, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Emigration, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Kościuszko Uprising, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Later life, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Things and places named after Kościuszko

Read more here: » Tadeusz Kościuszko: Encyclopedia II - Tadeusz Kościuszko - Biography

List of Polish Jews - Politicians. Menachem Begin (1913-1992), Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973), Israeli prime minister Jakub Berman (1901-1984), Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party) Bronisław Geremek (b. 1932), former Polish foreign minister, current MEP (Member of the European Parliament) Hilary Minc, (1905-1974) economist Shimon Peres (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister, Nobel prize laureate (1994) Adam Rotfeld (b. 1938), ...

See also:

List of Polish Jews, List of Polish Jews - Historical figures, List of Polish Jews - Politicians, List of Polish Jews - Soldiers and fighters, List of Polish Jews - Activists, List of Polish Jews - Religious figures, List of Polish Jews - Academics, List of Polish Jews - Math & Computer scientists, List of Polish Jews - Natural scientists, List of Polish Jews - Social academics, List of Polish Jews - Cultural figures, List of Polish Jews - Artists, List of Polish Jews - Musicians, List of Polish Jews - Screen and stage, List of Polish Jews - Writers and poets, List of Polish Jews - Polish-language, List of Polish Jews - Yiddish-language, List of Polish Jews - Other writers, List of Polish Jews - Business figures, List of Polish Jews - Sport figures, List of Polish Jews - Chess players, List of Polish Jews - Others, List of Polish Jews - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » List of Polish Jews: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish Jews - Historical figures

Virtuti Militari - Beginnings. Throughout its history, the Virtuti Militari has shared its country's fate, and has been abolished and reintroduced several times. The order was originally created on June 22, 1792, by King Stanisław August Poniatowski to commemorate the victorious Battle of Zieleńce. Initially, it comprised two classes: a golden medal for generals and officers, and a silver one for non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers. By August 1792, a statute for the decoration had been drafte ...

See also:

Virtuti Militari, Virtuti Militari - History, Virtuti Militari - Beginnings, Virtuti Militari - Duchy of Warsaw, Virtuti Militari - Congress Poland, Virtuti Militari - Republic of Poland, Virtuti Militari - World War II, Virtuti Militari - People's Republic of Poland, Virtuti Militari - Republic of Poland after 1989, Virtuti Militari - List of selected recipients

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Jan Krukowiecki was born December 15, 1772 in Lwów. He studied at the Theresianum in Vienna and joined the Austrian army. ...

See also:

Jan Krukowiecki, Jan Krukowiecki - Early life and education, Jan Krukowiecki - Military career

Read more here: » Jan Krukowiecki: Encyclopedia II - Jan Krukowiecki - Early life and education

List of Polish Jews - Politicians. Menachem Begin (1913-1992), Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973), Israeli prime minister Jakub Berman (1901-1984), Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party) Jerzy Einhorn, politician Hilary Minc, (1905-1974) economist Shimon Peres (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister, Nobel prize laureate (1994) Adam Rotfeld (b. 1938), former Polish foreign minister (2004) Yitzhak Shamir (b. 1915), Israeli pr ...

See also:

List of Polish Jews, List of Polish Jews - Historical figures, List of Polish Jews - Politicians, List of Polish Jews - Soldiers and fighters, List of Polish Jews - Activists, List of Polish Jews - Religious figures, List of Polish Jews - Academics, List of Polish Jews - Math & Computer scientists, List of Polish Jews - Natural scientists, List of Polish Jews - Social academics, List of Polish Jews - Cultural figures, List of Polish Jews - Artists, List of Polish Jews - Musicians, List of Polish Jews - Screen and stage, List of Polish Jews - Writers and poets, List of Polish Jews - Polish-language, List of Polish Jews - Yiddish-language, List of Polish Jews - Other writers, List of Polish Jews - Business figures, List of Polish Jews - Sport figures, List of Polish Jews - Chess players, List of Polish Jews - Others, List of Polish Jews - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » List of Polish Jews: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish Jews - Historical figures

(Polish: powstania wielkopolskie) were a series of 5 military insurrections of the Polish people in the Greater Poland region (also called the Grand Duchy of Poznań) against the occupying Prussian and German forces, after the partitions of Poland (1772-1795). Greater Poland Uprising 1794 - to help the Kościuszko Uprising Greater Poland Uprising 1806 - to help Napoleon I to liberate Poland and create the Duchy of Warsaw Greater Poland Uprising 1846 - part of the all-Polish 3-partion uprisingSee also:

List of Polish uprisings, List of Polish uprisings - Anti Russian uprisings, List of Polish uprisings - Greater Poland Uprisings against Prussians/Germans, List of Polish uprisings - The Silesian Uprisings 1919-1921 against Germany, List of Polish uprisings - Polish uprisings during the WW2 era: against Germans, List of Polish uprisings - Anti-communists uprisings:

Read more here: » List of Polish uprisings: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish uprisings - Greater Poland Uprisings against Prussians/Germans

From 1777 to 1783 Suvorov served in the Crimea and in the Caucasus, becoming a lieutenant-general in 1780, and general of infantry in 1783, on the conclusion of his work there. From 1787 to 1791 he again fought the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 and won many victories; he was wounded twice at Kinburn (1787), took part in the siege of Ochakov, and in 1788 won two great victories at Focsani and by the river Rimnik. In both these battles an Austrian corps under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg participated but at Rimnik Su ...

See also:

Alexander Suvorov, Alexander Suvorov - Early life and career, Alexander Suvorov - Scourge of the Poles and the Turks, Alexander Suvorov - Suvorov's Italian campaign, Alexander Suvorov - His progeny and titles, Alexander Suvorov - Assessment, Alexander Suvorov - Note

Read more here: » Alexander Suvorov: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Suvorov - Scourge of the Poles and the Turks