Kievan Rus'

Eymund's saga - Eymund's father Aki. The Yngvars saga víðförla relates that Eric the Victorious, the king of Sweden, had a daughter with Sigrid the Haughty. A Swedish chieftain named Aki proposed to her, but the king did not consent and instead he married her to one of his vassal kings in Russia. Aki did not accept this and sailed to Russia, slew the vassal king and kidnapped the princess. Aki then made an alliance with eight Swedish district kings, which deterred king Eric from attacking Aki, since he did not want to risk a bloody civil war in Sweden ...

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Eymund's saga, Eymund's saga - Synopsis, Eymund's saga - Eymund's father Aki, Eymund's saga - Eymund's career, Eymund's saga - The Kings' truce, Eymund's saga - The Runestone

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If the name Ruthenia has any connection to the name Rus, it is in the west generally held to derive from the Varangians whom the early Slavic and Finnic tribes called Rus' and this name is derived from the Old Norse root roðs- or roths- referring to the domain of rowing and still existing in the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden, Ruotsi and Rootsi. Later the name came to denote not only the Scandinavian aristocracy in Eastern Europe but also the ...

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Ruthenia, Ruthenia - Early Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Modern age, Ruthenia - Belarusians, Ruthenia - Ukrainians, Ruthenia - Places, Ruthenia - People, Ruthenia - Language, Ruthenia - Reference

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Debatably and Biblically speaking, Christianity began with the Messianic promise (Gen 3:15) at the dawn of creation and therefore with Adam and Eve, the first people with faith in the Messiah (Christ) to come. It then follows the history of those peoples, mostly the Jewish "nation," who kept that faith. The term "Christian" itself is however not really recognized until the first century AD at Antioch as recorded in Acts 11:26. By way of secular history, Christianity began among a small number of Jews and Jewish Proselytes. Acts of the ...

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History of Christianity, History of Christianity - Roots of Christianity, History of Christianity - The Jewish background, History of Christianity - The Life of Jesus of Nazareth, History of Christianity - The earliest emergence of Christianity, History of Christianity - The Earliest Church, History of Christianity - The Martyrs, History of Christianity - The Apologists, History of Christianity - House Churches, History of Christianity - The writings of the New Testament apocrypha, History of Christianity - Early heresies, History of Christianity - Gnosticism, History of Christianity - Competing religions, History of Christianity - Second and third centuries, History of Christianity - Fourth century, History of Christianity - Development of the canon of scripture, History of Christianity - Christianity legalized in the Roman Empire, History of Christianity - The Christological controversies, History of Christianity - Fifth century, History of Christianity - The conversion of the Mediterranean world, History of Christianity - Developing Christianity outside the Mediterranean world, History of Christianity - The development of the Papacy, History of Christianity - The rise of Islam, History of Christianity - Persecutions, History of Christianity - Spread of Christianity to central and eastern Europe, History of Christianity - Church and state in the Medieval west, History of Christianity - Schisms between East and West, History of Christianity - The later Middle Ages, History of Christianity - Early America, History of Christianity - The Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation, History of Christianity - Protestantism and the Rise of Denominationalism, History of Christianity - 19th century, History of Christianity - Anti-clericalism and atheistic communism, History of Christianity - 20th century, History of Christianity - Catholic reforms, History of Christianity - Non-Catholic developments, History of Christianity - The spread of secularism, History of Christianity - 21st century, History of Christianity - Historiography, History of Christianity - Print resources

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Varangians first appear in the Byzantine world in 839, when the emperor Theophilus negotiated with the Varangians, whom he called Rhos, to provide a few mercenaries for his army. Although the Varangians often had peaceful trading relations with the Byzantines, they sometimes led attacks against Constantinople. Such attacks came in 860, 907, 911, 941, 945, 971, and finally 1043. These raids were successful only in causing the Byzantines to re-arrange their trading arrangements; militarily, the Varangians were always defeated by the superior Byzan ...

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Varangian, Varangian - The Varangian Rus, Varangian - The Varangian Guard, Varangian - Primary Sources, Varangian - Sources, Varangian - Notes

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In the Russian language, the singular is boyarin (боярин), the plural is boyare. Boyars wielded considerable power through their military support of the Kievan princes. Power and prestige of many of them, however, soon came to depend almost completely on service to the state, family history of service and to a lesser extent, landownership. The boyars occupied the highest state offices and through a council (Duma) advised the prince. They received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boy ...

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Boyar, Boyar - Boyars in Ruthenia / Russia, Boyar - Related article

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(See also Grand Duchy) The proper term of Grand Duke was a later invention, probably originating in Western Europe, to denote a particularly mighty duke, as the title Duke has until the end of Middle Ages been inflated to belong to rulers of relatively small fiefs (such as a city state or a district), instead of the big provinces it once was attached to. One of the first examples was the semi-official use of Grand Duke meaning the later Dukes of Burgundy, i.e in 15th century, when they ruled a portion of East France as well as ...

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Grand Duke, Grand Duke - Introduction, Grand Duke - Western Grand Dukes, Grand Duke - Grand Prince, Grand Duke - Byzantine Grand Dukes, Grand Duke - Russian Grand Dukes, Grand Duke - Styles

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The title Grand Prince is the English translation of the Russian Великий князь. The Slavic "knyaz" and the Baltic "kunigaitis" (both nowadays usually translated as Prince) is actually a cognate of King. Thus, a sovereign "Veliki Knjaz" was more like "high king" than "grand duke". The title Grand Prince originated from 9th century when rulers of Kievan Rus' were so styled. In later medieval Russian states (the Rus') it already was used simultaneously by several rulers in the more expanded Rurikid dynasty ...

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List of Grand Dukes of Russia, List of Grand Dukes of Russia - Background and position, List of Grand Dukes of Russia - Grand Dukes of Russia of the House of Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp: Table, List of Grand Dukes of Russia - Later claimants, List of Grand Dukes of Russia - Fictional Grand Dukes of Russia, List of Grand Dukes of Russia - About the translated version Grand Duke

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Main article: History of Moldova Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians. Strategical location due to the situation on a strategic route between Asia and Europe, Moldova has suffered from several invasions, including those of the Kievan Rus' and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova (including most of present-day Moldova but also including districts to the north and south, known as Northern Bukovina and Budjak) formed the eastern part of the principality of Moldavi ...

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Republic of Moldova, Republic of Moldova - History, Republic of Moldova - National symbols, Republic of Moldova - Flag, Republic of Moldova - Currency, Republic of Moldova - Ştefan cel Mare, Republic of Moldova - Dimitrie Cantemir, Republic of Moldova - Politics, Republic of Moldova - Relations with Romania and the European Union, Republic of Moldova - Administrative divisions, Republic of Moldova - Geography, Republic of Moldova - Largest cities, Republic of Moldova - Economy, Republic of Moldova - Demographics, Republic of Moldova - Language, Republic of Moldova - Comparison with Romanian, Republic of Moldova - Information Technologies and Telecommunications, Republic of Moldova - Culture, Republic of Moldova - Tourism in Moldova, Republic of Moldova - Miscellaneous topics, Republic of Moldova - Maps, Republic of Moldova - Gallery, Republic of Moldova - International rankings

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See List of leaders of Russia for the continuation of leadership. See Titular Emperor of Russia for a list of claimants. ...

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List of Russian rulers, List of Russian rulers - Grand Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal, List of Russian rulers - Grand Princes of Moscow, List of Russian rulers - Tsars of Russia 1547-1721, List of Russian rulers - Emperors of Russia 1721-1917, List of Russian rulers - External link

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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindaugas was baptized in 1252 and crowned King of Lithuania in 1253 (in 1260, he abandoned Christianity). After him there was a fight among Lithuanian dukes, but the state survived. The duchy expanded southward and eastward, incorporating large parts of Ruthenia. The expansion reached its heights under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin), who created a strong central government and establish ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to the great power status under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindaugas became baptized in 1252 and crowned King of Lithuania in 1253 (in 1260, he renounced Christianity). After him there was a fight among Lithuanian dukes, but the state survived. The duchy expanded southward and eastward, incorporating large parts of Rus. The expansion reached its height under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin), who created a strong central g ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

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(partly on the territory of Estonia) Title: Elder (Vanem) (- 12th century) ...

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List of Estonian rulers, List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå, List of Estonian rulers - Metsapoole, List of Estonian rulers - Sakala, List of Estonian rulers - Alempois, List of Estonian rulers - Harjumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Jogentagan, List of Estonian rulers - Järvamaa, List of Estonian rulers - Läänemaa, List of Estonian rulers - Mõhu, List of Estonian rulers - Nurmekund, List of Estonian rulers - Soopoolitse, List of Estonian rulers - Ugandi, List of Estonian rulers - Vaiga, List of Estonian rulers - Virumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Hiiumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Revala, List of Estonian rulers - Saaremaa, List of Estonian rulers - Kievan Rus', List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Denmark, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Dorpat, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, List of Estonian rulers - Livonian Order, List of Estonian rulers - Kindom of Poland, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - Rzeczpospolita, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Sweden, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - House of Pfalz, List of Estonian rulers - House of Hesse, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Livonia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Oldenburg, List of Estonian rulers - Muscovy, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russian Provisional Government 1917, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Velise, List of Estonian rulers - German State, List of Estonian rulers - Hohenzollern, List of Estonian rulers - Estland, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Republic of Naissaar, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Baltic Duchy, List of Estonian rulers - Commune of the Working People of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Estonian SSR, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Union, List of Estonian rulers - Great-German State

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High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Exchequer was founded in the 12th centu ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Bukovina - Before the 14th century. During Stone age Bukovina was densely populated by Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC). Since the Roman times, Dacian peoples inhabited the territory. In the 5th century, the territory came under the rule of the Avars. Around 7th century, Slavic populations settled in the region. From 9th to early 14th century the territory was under the rule of Kievan Rus'. Bukov ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Before the 14th century, Bukovina - Moldavian Principality, Bukovina - Austrian Empire, Bukovina - End-19th to early-20th centuries, Bukovina - Greater Romania, Bukovina - Second World War and after, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

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Culture of Lithuania - The Protestant Reformation in G.D.L.. The Protestant Reformation was met differently by different strata of Lithuanians. Ruling classes entered into Reformation strives both on pro and contra sides. Urban people in biggest towns, especially in the Catholic part of G.D.L., were involved to these strives too, mostly as clients of some persons of influence in the highest stratum. Ordinary people of towns played a role of believers in both Catholic and protestant churches. Since middle of 16th ...

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Culture of Lithuania, Culture of Lithuania - Pre-lithuanian period till about the end of 10th century AD., Culture of Lithuania - Period of rising of Lithuanian nation 10th – 14th centuries AC, Culture of Lithuania - The Early Christian period The end of 14th – middle of 15th century, Culture of Lithuania - The christening of Lithuania, Culture of Lithuania - Cultural changes in lower estates, Culture of Lithuania - Cultural changes in higher estates, Culture of Lithuania - The earlier part of Middle Christian period The middle of 16th – end of 17th century, Culture of Lithuania - The Protestant Reformation in G.D.L., Culture of Lithuania - Printing of books, Culture of Lithuania - Lithuanian-language culture and its situation, Culture of Lithuania - The later part of Middle Christian period, Culture of Lithuania - List of cultural events of XVIII – XX centuries

Read more here: » Culture of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Lithuania - The earlier part of Middle Christian period The middle of 16th – end of 17th century

The area of modern town of Boryslav has been inhabitated at least since the Bronze Age. There are remnants of a pagan shrine from 1st millennium BC located in the area, with ca. 270 petroglyphs found, most often solar signs - symbols of pre-Christian Solar deity. Between 9th century and 13th century the site of the modern town housed a fortress named Tustan, which was a part of a belt of similar strongholds defending the Kievan Rus' from the west and south. After the dissolution of Kievan Rus', the town became a part of the Halych-Vol ...

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Boryslav, Boryslav - History, Boryslav - External link

Read more here: » Boryslav: Encyclopedia II - Boryslav - History

The text above represents the established—and internationally accepted—theory about the reign of Samuil, as well as about the origin and character of his state. In a nutshell, Samuil's short-lived empire is considered to be a continuation of the First Bulgarian Empire of the Tsars Simeon and Peter. The theory is based on a chain of events documented by Byzantine and Western sources, starting with the visit of messengers sent by Samuil and his brothers to the court of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Otto II, in 973 in which the mess ...

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Samuil, Samuil - Other theories, Samuil - Notes

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1251 - Europe. The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs. King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs. Andrew of Longumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, returns to his king with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.< ...

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1251, 1251 - Events, 1251 - Europe, 1251 - Asia, 1251 - Births, 1251 - Deaths

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The medieval state of Kievan Rus' incorporated parts of what is now Ukraine and was centered around Kiev. Its influence on architectural tradition extended to the modern states of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The status of Kievan Rus' as a precursor state to Russia is a somewhat politically charged issue after the fall of Soviet Union and the independence of Ukraine and Belarus. The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lan ...

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Russian architecture, Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230, Russian architecture - Early Muscovite period 1230–1530, Russian architecture - Middle Muscovite period 1530–1630, Russian architecture - Late Muscovite period 1612–1712, Russian architecture - Imperial Russia 1712–1917, Russian architecture - Modern Russia since 1917

Read more here: » Russian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230

Act I. In Svetozar's banquet hall, the wedding feast for Ruslan and Lyudmila is taking place. The guests listen to Bayan sing a song foretelling misfortune for the bride and groom, followed by happiness from true love. Lyudmila, saddened by the prospect of leaving her father, gives words of comfort to her unsuccessful suitors, Farlaf and Ratmir, and then pledges herself to Ruslan. Svetoslav blesses the couple. All of a sudden everything goes dark and there is a crash of thunder. The people are paralyzed by a spell while two monsters c ...

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Ruslan and Lyudmila, Ruslan and Lyudmila - Background, Ruslan and Lyudmila - Characters and Setting, Ruslan and Lyudmila - Synopsis, Ruslan and Lyudmila - Important Excerpts, Ruslan and Lyudmila - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ruslan and Lyudmila: Encyclopedia II - Ruslan and Lyudmila - Synopsis

As a result, Herberstein was able to produce the first detailed eyewitness ethnography of Russia, encyclopedic in its scope, providing an accurate (very accurate for the time) view of trade, religion, customs, politics, history, even a theory of Russian political culture. The book contributed greatly to a European view held for several centuries of Russia as a despotic absolute monarchy. This view was not new, but previous writers presented an idealized view. Herberstein influenced the development of this view in two ways: See also:

Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii - Background, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii - Historical note on Muscovy and Russia, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii - Research, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii - The Book, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii - Tsar vs Czar, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii - English Translations

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In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman Mstyslavych, the ruler of Galicia and Volhynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Danylo into exile with his mother Anna (probably of Greek extraction) and brother Vasylko. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Danylo and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Halych in ...

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Danylo of Halych, Danylo of Halych - Biography, Danylo of Halych - Family, Danylo of Halych - Mother, Danylo of Halych - Father, Danylo of Halych - Wives, Danylo of Halych - Brother, Danylo of Halych - Sisters, Danylo of Halych - Sons, Danylo of Halych - Daughters

Read more here: » Danylo of Halych: Encyclopedia II - Danylo of Halych - Biography