Kievan Rus'

Grand Prince, used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a medieval monarch who headed more or less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser princes. Those grand princes' title and position was at the time usually translated as king. In fact, the Slavic "knjaz" and the Baltic "kunigaitis" (nowadays usually translated as Prince) are cognates of king. However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, other princes of the dynasty were approximately as much entitled to suc ...

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Grand Prince, Grand Prince - Medieval use, Grand Prince - Modern use, Grand Prince - Styles and forms of address, Grand Prince - Related topics

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Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

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Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

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Main article: History of Dobruja In antiquity Dobruja was inhabited by Geto-Dacians, as well as by Celts. A number of Greek colonies were founded in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. In subsequent centuries, control of the region was held at various times by the Thracians, the Macedonians, the Scythians, the Getae-Dacians, and the Sarmatians. In 46 it was annexed by the Roman Empire as Scythia Minor, part of Moesia. After the division of the Roman Empire, Dobruja became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine empire).The Byzant ...

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Dobruja, Dobruja - History, Dobruja - Area population and cities, Dobruja - Coat of Arms of Romania

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The history of Belarus, or, more correctly of the Belarusian ethnicity, begins with the migration and expansion of the Slavic peoples throughout Eastern Europe between the 6th and 8th centuries Anno Domini. East Slavs settled on the territory within present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, assimilating local Baltic (Belarus), Ugro-Finnic (Russia) and steppe nomads (Ukraine) already living there, early ethnic integrations that contributed to the gradual differentiation of the three East Slavic nations. These East Slavs were pagan, animistic, agrarian people whose economy included trade in agricul ...

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History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes

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Transnistria - Ancient history. Tyras was an ancient Greek colony of Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated on mouth of the Dniestr river (Tyras). It fell under the dominion of native kings whose names appear on its coins, and it was destroyed by the Dacians about 50 BC. In AD 56 it has been restored by the Romans and henceforth formed part of the province of Lower Moesia. Transnistria - From the ...

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Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography

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In the Viking age/late Iron Age, from the 750s and on, Ingria was a bridgehead on the Varangian trade route to Eastern Europe. A Varangian aristocracy developed, that would ultimately rule over Novgorod and Kievan Rus'; allegedly bringing peace between the warring Finnic and Slavic tribes. The ancient Novgorodian land of Vod was called Ingermanland by the Swedes, Latinized to "Ingria". It is said to be named after Ingegerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung (995-1022). Upon her marriage to Yar ...

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Ingria, Ingria - History, Ingria - Swedish Ingria, Ingria - Russian Ingria, Ingria - Demographics

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Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Genetic, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

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When World War I and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia shattered the Austrian and Russian empires, Ukrainians were caught in the middle. Between 1917 and 1918, several separate Ukrainian republics manifested independence, the Central Rada, the Hetmanate, the Directorate, the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic. However, with the defeat in the Polish-Ukrainian War and then the failure of the Piłsudski's and Petliura's Kiev Operation, by the end of the Polish-Soviet War after the Peace of Riga in March 1921, ...

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History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence

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High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages and Scotland in the High Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Ex ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Under his son and successor Olof, surnamed Skötkonung, Christianity was fully established in Sweden. Olaf Tryggvason, the king of Norway, had married his sister Ingibiorg to Ragnvald, earl of Westrogothia, on condition that he should receive baptism, and the Swedish king’s wife was also a Christian, though he himself was not baptized until 1008 by Sigfrid at Husaby. A quarrel arose in the last years of the 10th century between Olaf Skötkonung and Olaf Tryggvason. The latter had applied for the hand of Sigrid, the widow of Eric the Victor ...

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Early Swedish history, Early Swedish history - 9th century, Early Swedish history - 10th century, Early Swedish history - Christianization and struggle for power, Early Swedish history - The first union of Sweden and Norway, Early Swedish history - Kalmar Union

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Rurik Dynasty - Princes of Novgorod. Riurik (c.860–879) Oleg (Regent) (879–912) Rurik Dynasty - Rulers of Kievan Rus. Igor (912–945) Olga (Regent) (945–962) Sviatoslav I (962–972) Yaropolk (972–980) Vladimir I (980–1015) Sviatopolk I (1015–1019) Yaroslav (1019–1054) Iziaslav (1054–1073, 1076–1078) Sviatoslav II (1073–1076) Vsevolod (1078–1093)See also:

Rurik Dynasty, Rurik Dynasty - List of rulers of the Rurik Dynasty, Rurik Dynasty - Princes of Novgorod, Rurik Dynasty - Rulers of Kievan Rus, Rurik Dynasty - Muscovite Princes and Grand Princes, Rurik Dynasty - Russian Tsars

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During Stone age Bukovina was densly populated by Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC). Since the Roman times, Dacian peoples inhabited the territory. In the 5th century, the territory came under the rule of the Avars. Around 7th century, Slavic populations settled in the region. From 9th to early 14th century the territory was under the rule of Kievan Rus' and one of its successor stat ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

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The etymology of "Viking" is somewhat unclear. One path might be from the Old Norse word, vík, meaning "bay," "creek," or "inlet," and the suffix -ing, meaning "coming from" or "belonging to." Thus, viking would be a 'person of the bay', or "bayling" for lack of a better word. In Old Norse, this would be spelled vikingr. Later on, the term, viking, became synonymous with "naval expedition" or "naval raid, and a vikingr was a member of such expeditions. A second etymology suggested that the term is derived from Old English, wíc, ie. "trading city" (cognat ...

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Viking, Viking - Etymology, Viking - Historical records, Viking - Adam of Bremen, Viking - Rune stones, Viking - Icelandic sagas, Viking - 13th century, Viking - Viking ships and Viking longships, Viking - The Viking Age, Viking - The Viking invasions: a commercial war?, Viking - Decline, Viking - Modern revivals, Viking - Romanticism, Viking - Fascism, Viking - Living History, Viking - Myths about Vikings, Viking - Horned helmets, Viking - Skull cups, Viking - Uncleanliness, Viking - Famous Vikings, Viking - Books, Viking - Movies, Viking - Culture, Viking - Historians, Viking - Archaeology, Viking - Place names, Viking - Military, Viking - Popular Culture, Viking - Bibliography

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They invaded Southern Ukraine, Moldova, Wallachia and part of Transylvania in the 11th century and from here they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire, Hungary and Kievan Rus'. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary. They were allied with the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Bulgarians during the Vlach-Bulgar Rebellion, being victorious in the fights against the Byzantine Empire. They were defeated by Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century and crushed by the Tatars in 1241. Many took refuge in Hungary and Bulgaria, where they were assimilated. The Cumans from the current Russia joine ...

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Cumans, Cumans - History, Cumans - Legacy

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Main article: History of Dobruja In antiquity Dobruja was inhabited by Geto-Dacians, as well as by Celts. A number of Greek colonies were founded in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. In subsequent centuries, control of the region was held at various times by the Thracians, the Macedonians, the Scythians, the Getae-Dacians, and the Sarmatians. In 46 it was annexed by the Roman Empire as Scythia Minor, part of Moesia. To prevent mounted attacks from the north, the Romans constructed a double rampart from the Black Sea down to the Dan ...

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Dobruja, Dobruja - History, Dobruja - Area population and cities, Dobruja - Coat of Arms of Romania

Read more here: » Dobruja: Encyclopedia II - Dobruja - History

This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries. The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...

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Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde

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After the oath of office has been taken by the elected president, these following insignia are handed over to the president. These devices are used to display the rank of his office and are used on special occasions. President of Russia - Emblem. The first insignia that is issued is the emblem. The central emblem is a red cross, with arms in equal size, charged with the Russian coat of arms. On the reverse of the cross, the words "Use, Honour and Glory" appear in a form of a circle. A golden wreath is used ...

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President of Russia, President of Russia - Duties, President of Russia - Insignia, President of Russia - Emblem, President of Russia - Standard Flag, President of Russia - Special Copy of the Constitution, President of Russia - Oath of Office, President of Russia - List of Presidents of Russia, President of Russia - Historic Russian/Soviet Leaders, President of Russia - Notes

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When the Mongols invaded the lands of Kievan Rus', Moscow was an insignificant trading outpost in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'. Though Mongols burnt down Moscow in the winter 1238 and pillaged it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attack and occupation, and a number of rivers provided access to the Baltic and Black Seas and to the Caucasus region. More important to Moscow's development in what became the state of Muscovy, however, was its rule by a series of princes who were ambitious, ...

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Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia

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Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi played a significant role in the history of Ukraine. It was mentioned for the first time in the text of the Rus' treaty with the Byzantine Empire (911) as Pereyaslav-Russki, to distinguish it from Pereyaslavets in Bulgaria. Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev built here in 992 the large fortress to protect the southern limits of Kievan Rus' from raids of nomads from steppes of currently Southern Ukraine. It was a capital of the Principality of Pereyaslav from the middle of the 11th century until its demolition by Tatars ...

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Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - History, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - Tourist attractions, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - Famous residents

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Chernigov was first mentioned in chronicles in 907, but is considered to have existed at least in the ninth century, as uncovered by archeological excavations of a settlement which included the artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate. Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave, one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe, wa ...

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Chernihiv, Chernihiv - History, Chernihiv - Downtown, Chernihiv - Monasteries

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Mongols - Genghis Khan. The Mongols were originally a confederation of tribes in competition with the Tatar, Kerait, Merkit and Naiman confederations and therefore only one division of what we call the Mongol nation. Genghis Khan unified the Mongol people by absorbing the other confederations into his own and the word Mongol came to mean the entire people. Though few in number (approximately 200,000 people at the height of their empire), Mongols were important in Eurasian history. Under the leadership of G ...

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Mongols, Mongols - History, Mongols - Genghis Khan, Mongols - Mongol Empire, Mongols - Ethnic cultural and religious diversity, Mongols - Military innovation, Mongols - Timeline of conquest, Mongols - Modern history

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Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting. Orthodox services are sung nearly in their entirety. Services consist in part of a dialog between the clergy and the people (often represented by the choir or the Psaltis (Cantor). In each case the text is sung or chanted following a prescribed musical form. Almost nothing is read in a normal speaking voice with the exception of the homily if one is given. The church has developed eight Modes or Tones, (see Octoechos) within which a chant may be set, depending on the time of ye ...

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Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Church - Beliefs, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Trinity, Eastern Orthodox Church - Salvation, Eastern Orthodox Church - Tradition, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Bible, Eastern Orthodox Church - Sin and redemption, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Incarnation, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Theotokos, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Resurrection, Eastern Orthodox Church - Saints relics and the deceased, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Last Things, Eastern Orthodox Church - Art and architecture, Eastern Orthodox Church - Church buildings, Eastern Orthodox Church - Icons, Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions, Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting, Eastern Orthodox Church - Incense, Eastern Orthodox Church - Monasticism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Fasting, Eastern Orthodox Church - Almsgiving, Eastern Orthodox Church - Baptism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Chrismation, Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Communion, Eastern Orthodox Church - Repentance, Eastern Orthodox Church - Marriage, Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Orders, Eastern Orthodox Church - Anointing with Holy Oil, Eastern Orthodox Church - History, Eastern Orthodox Church - The early Church, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Roman/Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodox Church - The seven ecumenical councils, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Great Schism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Conversion of the Slavs, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church in North America, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church today, Eastern Orthodox Church - Footnote

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