Kazan

Ivan Mikhailovich had three sons, all of whom played a part in Muscovite politics as boyars and voivods. The eldest of these, Prince Vladimir Ivanovich Vorotynsky, was solicitous to talk Vladimir of Staritsa into swearing allegiance to Ivan IV's baby son during the tsar's grave illness in 1553 but died himself on September 27 that year. The youngest, Prince Alexander Ivanovich, was recorded in 1558 as governing the stronghold of Kazan but later lost the tsar's favor and ...

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Vorotynsky, Vorotynsky - Between Russia and Lithuania, Vorotynsky - The Vorotynskys and Ivan the Terrible, Vorotynsky - Time of Troubles

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Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains. Area: 143,600 km². Borders: Bashkortostan borders Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), Tatarstan (W), and Udmurtia (NW). Highest point: Mount Yamantaw (1,638 m). Maximum N->S distance: 550 km. Maximum E->W distance: over 430 km. Average elevation: no data. ...

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Bashkortostan, Bashkortostan - Terminology, Bashkortostan - Geography, Bashkortostan - Time zone, Bashkortostan - Rivers, Bashkortostan - Lakes, Bashkortostan - Mountains, Bashkortostan - Natural resources, Bashkortostan - Climate, Bashkortostan - Administrative divisions, Bashkortostan - Demographics, Bashkortostan - Population development, Bashkortostan - History, Bashkortostan - Politics, Bashkortostan - Economy, Bashkortostan - Education, Bashkortostan - Culture, Bashkortostan - Tourism

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Silk Road - Cross-continental travel. As accomplished waterway shipping and domestication of efficient pack animals both increased the capacity for prehistoric peoples to carry heavier loads over greater distances, cultural exchanges and trade developed rapidly. For example, shipping in predynastic Egypt was already established by the 4th millennium BC along with domestication of the donkey, with the dromedary possibly having been domesticated as well. Domestication of the Bactrian camel and use of the horse for means of transport then follo ...

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Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138-126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97-102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes

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Cantonists (Russian language: Кантонисты) were sons of Russian private soldiers who from 1805 were educated in special "canton schools" (Кантонистские школы) for future military service (the schools were called garrison schools in the 18th century); after 1827 the term was applied also to Jewish boys, who were drafted to military service at the age of twelve and placed for their military education in cantonist schools of distant provinces. Like other conscripts, they were forced to serve in the Russi ...

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Cantonist, Cantonist - Cantonists in Prussia, Cantonist - Cantonists in Russia

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First-hand information on Volga Bulgaria is rather sparse. As no authentic Bulgar records have survived, most of our information comes from contemporary Arabic, Persian, or Russian sources. Some information is provided by excavations. It is thought that the territory of Volga Bulgaria was originally settled by the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Bulgars moved into the area in about 660, commanded by Kotrag Khan, Kubrat's son. Some Bulgar tribes, however, continued westward and after many adventures settled along the Danube River, in what is ...

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Volga Bulgaria, Volga Bulgaria - Origin, Volga Bulgaria - Heyday, Volga Bulgaria - Decline

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Chuvashia is Russia’s center for hops growing and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems. Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing. Chuvashia - Transportation. The transport network in Chuvashia is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic's system of roads, railr ...

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Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education

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In the postwar period Molotov's position began to decline. In 1949 he was replaced as Foreign Minister by Andrei Vishinsky, retaining his position as Deputy Prime Minister and membership of the Politburo. Following the death of Andrei Zhdanov, who had come to be seen as Stalin's most likely successor, Stalin and Beria began to plan a new purge, which would have removed most of the older party leaders, such as Molotov and Voroshilov, from their positions. New leaders, such as Georgii Malenk ...

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Vyacheslav Molotov, Vyacheslav Molotov - Origins and early life, Vyacheslav Molotov - Early career, Vyacheslav Molotov - Prime Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov - Foreign Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov - Postwar career

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Rodchenko was born in St. Petersburg. His family moved to Kazan in 1902 and he studied at the Kazan School of Art under Nikolai Feshin and Georgii Medvedev, and at the Stroganov Institute in Moscow. He made his first abstract drawings, influenced by the Suprematism of Kazimir Malevich, in 1915. The following year, he participated in "The Store" exhibition organized by Vladimir Tatlin, who was anoth ...

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Alexander Rodchenko, Alexander Rodchenko - Life and career, Alexander Rodchenko - Influence, Alexander Rodchenko - Works, Alexander Rodchenko - Articles in Russian

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In February 2000 Bratva member Natan Gozman was extradited from Poland to the United States and convicted for the 1995 abduction and murder of Russian boxer Sergei Kobozev. Viktor Yanukovych, the incumbent in the recent Ukrainian presidential election which has been marred with significant vote fraud, has been accused of being associated with the Ukrainian Bratva. ...

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Bratva, Bratva - Events

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The central square of Rostov is occuped by the enormous Assumption cathedral. It is not known when the present building was erected, mid-16th century being the most likely date. Lower parts of the cathedral walls are dated to the 12th century. The ponderous bell-tower was constructed mostly in the 17th century. Its bells are among the largest and most famous in Russia; each has its own name. The largest bell, cast in 1688, weighs some 32000 kilograms. It is named Sysoi to ...

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Rostov, Rostov - History, Rostov - Layout, Rostov - Surroundings

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While the predominant number of war crimes were attributed to Nazi organizations like the Schutzstaffel (SS), a number of Wehrmacht officers were charged with war crimes at the end of the war. In particular, OKW commander-in-chief Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and chief of operations staff Alfred Jodl were indicted and tried for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremburg in 1946. Both were convicted of all charges, sentenced to death and executed by hanging. The International Military Tribunal's judgement, however, ...

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Wehrmacht, Wehrmacht - Background, Wehrmacht - History, Wehrmacht - Command structure, Wehrmacht - War years, Wehrmacht - Rebellion, Wehrmacht - War crimes, Wehrmacht - Prominent members, Wehrmacht - After World War II, Wehrmacht - Reference

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Various pre-Islamic Turkic civilizations of the 6th century were Shamanist and Tengriist. The Shamanist religion is based on spiritual and natural elements of earth. Tenghriism in turn involved belief in the god Tenghri as the god who ruled over the skies.They were also bearers of the Zoroastrian religion, especially in Azerbaijan, Buddhism, Judaism and above all Islam. Today, most Turks are Sunni Muslims. They include the majority of Balkan Turks, Bashkorts, Crimean Tatars, Karachay, Kazaks, Kumuk, Kyrgyz, Malkar, Nogay, Tatars (Kaza ...

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Turkic peoples, Turkic peoples - Geographical Distribution, Turkic peoples - Turkic Roots, Turkic peoples - Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - Traditions About Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - History, Turkic peoples - Language, Turkic peoples - Religion, Turkic peoples - Geographical distribution and ethnic division, Turkic peoples - Physical appearance, Turkic peoples - Turkish world and Pan-Turkism, Turkic peoples - Translations for Turk

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Blitzkrieg - Reichswehr. Blitzkrieg's immediate development began with Germany's defeat in the First World War. Shortly after the war, the new Reichswehr created committees of veteran officers to evaluate 57 issues of the war.[2] The reports of these committees formed doctrinal and training publications which were the standards in the Second World War. The Reichswehr was influenced by its analysis of pre-war German military thought, in particular its infiltration tactics of the war, and the manoeu ...

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Blitzkrieg, Blitzkrieg - Etymology and modern meaning, Blitzkrieg - Interwar period, Blitzkrieg - Reichswehr, Blitzkrieg - Foreign influence, Blitzkrieg - Guderian into the Wehrmacht, Blitzkrieg - Panzertruppe and Luftwaffe, Blitzkrieg - Spanish Civil War, Blitzkrieg - Methods of operations, Blitzkrieg - Schwerpunkt, Blitzkrieg - Paralysis, Blitzkrieg - Kesselschlacht, Blitzkrieg - Operations in the Second World War, Blitzkrieg - Poland 1939, Blitzkrieg - France 1940, Blitzkrieg - Soviet Union: the Eastern Front: 1941–45, Blitzkrieg - Western Front 1944–45, Blitzkrieg - Countermeasures and limitations, Blitzkrieg - Terrain, Blitzkrieg - Air superiority, Blitzkrieg - Counter-tactics, Blitzkrieg - Logistics, Blitzkrieg - Influence, Blitzkrieg - Changing Interpretations of Blitzkrieg

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Byzantium was the original name of the modern city of İstanbul. Byzantium was originally settled by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas. The name "Byzantium" is a transliteration of the original Greek name Βυζάντιον; (Demotic Modern Greek spells this Βυζάντιο, pronounced IPA /vi.ˈza.ⁿdjo/). After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus the city was besieged by Rome and suffered exten ...

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Istanbul, Istanbul - Etymology, Istanbul - History, Istanbul - Places to visit, Istanbul - Buildings and monuments, Istanbul - Markets neighborhoods and places, Istanbul - Seismic risk, Istanbul - Education, Istanbul - Transportation, Istanbul - Airports, Istanbul - Climate, Istanbul - Districts, Istanbul - Sister cities, Istanbul - Famous natives, Istanbul - Buildings and structures, Istanbul - Istanbul as capital of..., Istanbul - Football Teams, Istanbul - Basketball Teams

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The discrimination of the separate stems included under the name is still far from complete. The following subdivisions, however, may be regarded as established: Tatars - Tatarlar or Татарлар. In modern English only Tatar is used to refer to Eurasian Tatars; Tartar has an offensive connotation, corrupted from Tatar from associations with the Tartarus of Greek mythology. In Europe the term Tartar is generally only used in the historical context for Mongolian people who appeared in the 13th century (the Mongol invasion) and assimilated into the local population later. See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

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The word Zilant is the English transcription of Russian Зилант, itself a rendering of Tatar yılan (i.e., "snake", sometimes pronounced as /ʓɨlɑn`/). The Tatars, on the other hand, frequently refer to this creature with the Persian word Ajdaha (/ʌʒdɑhɑ`/ Dragon, Iske imla: اژدها) or Ajdaha-yılan (Dragon-snake). For Tatars, it is also a negative personage, ...

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Zilant, Zilant - Nomenclature and etymology, Zilant - Legends, Zilant - Interpretations, Zilant - Zilantaw in Kazan, Zilant - Zilant as a state symbol, Zilant - Miscellaneous

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Nicholas was born in Saint Petersburg, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His paternal grandparents were Alexander II of Russia and his first consort Maximilienne Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and the Rhine. His maternal grandparents were Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse. Nicholas was seen as too soft by his hard, demanding father who, not anticipating his own premature death, did nothing to prepare his son for the crown. Nicholas fell in love with Princes ...

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Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life, Nicholas II of Russia - Family, Nicholas II of Russia - Relationship with the Duma, Nicholas II of Russia - Tsarevich Alexei's illness, Nicholas II of Russia - The Great War, Nicholas II of Russia - Revolution and abdication, Nicholas II of Russia - Death, Nicholas II of Russia - Sainthood, Nicholas II of Russia - Footnotes

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Alexander I of Russia - Views held by his contemporaries. Autocrat and "Jacobin", man of the world and mystic, he appeared to his contemporaries as a riddle which each read according to his own temperament. Napoleon I thought him a "shifty Byzantine", and called him the Talma of the North, as ready to play any conspicuous part. To Metternich he was a madman to be humoured. Castlereagh, writing of him to Lord Liverpool, gives him credit for "grand qualities," but adds that he is "suspicious and undecided". Alexand ...

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Alexander I of Russia, Alexander I of Russia - Early life, Alexander I of Russia - Succeeds to the throne, Alexander I of Russia - Early reign, Alexander I of Russia - Legal reform, Alexander I of Russia - Social reforms, Alexander I of Russia - Influence on European politics, Alexander I of Russia - Views held by his contemporaries, Alexander I of Russia - Alliances with other powers, Alexander I of Russia - Opposition to Napoleon, Alexander I of Russia - 1807 loss to French forces, Alexander I of Russia - Prussia, Alexander I of Russia - Franco-Russian Alliance, Alexander I of Russia - The campaign of 1812, Alexander I of Russia - Liberal political views, Alexander I of Russia - The revolt of the Greeks, Alexander I of Russia - A tragic figure, Alexander I of Russia - Private life, Alexander I of Russia - Death, Alexander I of Russia - Offspring

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In Russia and Ukraine, a particular dragon-like creature, Zmey Gorynych, has three heads, is green, walks on two back paws, has small front paws, and spits fire. According to one bylina, Zmey Gorynych was killed by Dobrynya Nikitich. Other Russian dragons (Tugarin Zmeevich) have Turkic names, probably symbolizing the Mongols and other steppe peoples. Accordingly, St George (symbolizing Christianity) killing the Dragon (symbolizing Islam) is represented on the coat of arms of Moscow. Some prehistoric structures, notably the Serpent's Wall near Kiev, have been associate ...

See also:

Slavic dragon, Slavic dragon - East Slavic, Slavic dragon - South Slavic, Slavic dragon - West Slavic

Read more here: » Slavic dragon: Encyclopedia II - Slavic dragon - East Slavic

The main article is History of Tatarstan Tatarstan - Middle Ages. The earliest known organized state within the boundaries of Tatarstan was Volga Bulgaria (c. 700-1238 CE). The Volga Bulgars had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner Eurasia, the Middle East and the Baltic, which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the Khazars, the Kievan Rus and the Kipchaks. Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the ...

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Tatarstan, Tatarstan - Terminology, Tatarstan - Geography, Tatarstan - Time zone, Tatarstan - Rivers, Tatarstan - Lakes, Tatarstan - Natural resources, Tatarstan - Climate, Tatarstan - Administrative divisions, Tatarstan - Demographics, Tatarstan - History, Tatarstan - Middle Ages, Tatarstan - Modern times, Tatarstan - Tatarstan today, Tatarstan - Politics, Tatarstan - Political status, Tatarstan - Economy, Tatarstan - Culture, Tatarstan - Education, Tatarstan - Religion, Tatarstan - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Tatarstan - History

In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I adopted the title Emperor (Император [Imperator]), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which continued to be used informally as synonym of Tsar. Actually the new style was adopted precisely to underline a claim that Russia, by now a rising major power in Europe, invoking a marriage ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - Imperium maius, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles for Russian Tsar's family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Sources an References

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This is a topic of some controversy, since Islamic scholars proceed with the assumption that the Qur'an is a divine and uncorrupted text, while most secular scholars and non-Muslim scholars are more skeptical. Qur'an - According to Islamic scholars. Muhammad, according to tradition, could neither read nor write, but would simply recite what was revealed to him for his companions to write down and memorize. Adherents to Islam hold that the wording of the Qur'anic text available today corresponds exactly to that revealed to Muhammad himself: words o ...

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Qur'an, Qur'an - Format of the Qur'an, Qur'an - The Qur'an for reading and recitation, Qur'an - The language of the Qur'an, Qur'an - Translation of the Qur'an, Qur'an - Stylistic attributes, Qur'an - The beginnings of the suras, Qur'an - The temporal order of Qur'anic verses, Qur'an - Similarities between the Qur'an and the Bible, Qur'an - Origin and development of the Qur'an, Qur'an - According to Islamic scholars, Qur'an - According to non-Muslim scholars, Qur'an - Interpretation of the Qur'an, Qur'an - 'Created' vs. 'uncreated' Qur'an, Qur'an - Qur'an recitation, Qur'an - Schools of recitation, Qur'an - The Qur'an and Islamic culture, Qur'an - Writing and printing the Qur'an

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