It is disputed when Kazan was founded by the Volga Bulgars, as written records for that period are sparse. Estimates range from the early 11th century to the late 13th century (see Iske Qazan). It was a block-post on the border between Volga Bulgaria and Finnish tribes (Mari, Udmurt). Another question was where the citadel was built originally. The archeologic explorations gave rests of the urban settlement in 3 parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin, in Bişbalta in the place of modern Zilantaw monastery and near the Qaban lake. The oldest was the Kremlin which cou ...

See also:

Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - History

During the reign of Olug Moxammat and his son Maxmud, Kazan forces occupied Muscovy and its subject lands several times. The Grand Duke of Moscow Vassily II was defeated in a battle near the Suzdal, and was forced to pay tribute to the Kazan khan. In July 1487, Grand Duke Ivan III of Moscow occupied Kazan and seated a puppet leader, Möxämmädämin, to the Kazan throne. The Kazan Khanate subsequently became a Moscow protectorate. As Russian influence grew stronger, Russian nobles and merchants received more advantageous conditions th ...

See also:

Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Kazan - Khanate's geography and population, Khanate of Kazan - Economics, Khanate of Kazan - Society, Khanate of Kazan - Culture, Khanate of Kazan - Administrative division, Khanate of Kazan - Military forces, Khanate of Kazan - History

Read more here: » Khanate of Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Khanate of Kazan - History

Camp Delta, Echo, X-Ray, and Iguana are prisons at Guantanamo Bay. As of July 22, 2005 there are "about 510 prisoners at Guantánamo." [1] Camp Delta - Camp Delta. Camp Delta (composed of detention camps: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and Camp Echo) is located in the U.S. naval base that stands on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. It is a permanent 612-unit detention center. Construction of the camp began on February 27, 2002 with workers from Kellog, Brown and Root, Navy Seabees and Marine Engineers. It finished approximately ...

Including:

• Camp Delta - Camp Delta
• Camp Delta - Camp X-Ray
• Camp Delta - International concern about the conditions in the camp
• Camp Delta - U.S. Government Denial of Allegations of Mistreatment
• Camp Delta - Legal proceedings
• Camp Delta - United States Supreme Court
• Camp Delta - Other proceedings

Read more here: » Camp Delta: Encyclopedia - Camp Delta

The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the board game chess. Both men and women are eligible to contest this title. In addition, there is a separate event for women only, for the title of "Woman's World Champion", and separate competitions and titles for juniors, seniors and computers. However, these days the strongest competitors in the junior, senior, and women's categories often forego these niche title events in order to pursue top level competition, although they continue to be part of chess tra ...

Including:

• World Chess Championship - Reigns of the Champions
• World Chess Championship - Unofficial World Champions
• World Chess Championship - Undisputed World Champions
• World Chess Championship - Classical World Champions
• World Chess Championship - FIDE World Champions since 1993
• World Chess Championship - History of the World Chess Championship
• World Chess Championship - Three pioneering titans Pre-1900
• World Chess Championship - Rise of the modern Grandmaster 1894 - 1946
• World Chess Championship - Soviet dominance 1948 - 1969
• World Chess Championship - A second American sorrow and the K-K arch-rivalry 1972 - 1990
• World Chess Championship - Chaos 1993 - 2004
• World Chess Championship - A New Approach 2005 -
• World Chess Championship - Women's World Championship
• World Chess Championship - Reigns of the Women's World Champions
• World Chess Championship - Era of Menchik
• World Chess Championship - Georgian dominance
• World Chess Championship - Rise of the Chinese and Hungarians
• World Chess Championship - Junior and Senior World Champions

Read more here: » World Chess Championship: Encyclopedia - World Chess Championship

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: Вячесла́в Миха́йлович Мо́лотов) (February 25, 1890 (O.S.) (March 9, 1890 (N.S.))–November 8, 1986), Soviet politician and diplomat, was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protege of Joseph Stalin, to the 1950s, when he was dismissed from office by Nikita Khrushchev. He was the principal Soviet signatory of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact of 1939. Vyacheslav Molotov - Origins and early life. Including:

• Vyacheslav Molotov - Origins and early life
• Vyacheslav Molotov - Early career
• Vyacheslav Molotov - Prime Minister
• Vyacheslav Molotov - Foreign Minister
• Vyacheslav Molotov - Postwar career

Read more here: » Vyacheslav Molotov: Encyclopedia - Vyacheslav Molotov

Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation. Today, Republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of Volga Bulgaria in terms of territory and ethnicity. Volga Bulgaria - Origin. First-hand information on Volga Bulgaria is rather sparse. As no authentic Bulgar records have survived, most of our information comes from contemporary ...

Including:

• Volga Bulgaria - Origin
• Volga Bulgaria - Heyday
• Volga Bulgaria - Decline

Read more here: » Volga Bulgaria: Encyclopedia - Volga Bulgaria

The Volga river in Western Russia, Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,690 km (2,293 miles), provides the core of the largest river system in Europe. The names of the Volga in the languages of different ethnic populations located along it are: Russian В́олга Tatar İdel, Идел, Chuvash Атăл (Atăl) Mordvin Рав (Raw) Mari ...

Including:

• Volga River - Description
• Volga River - Confluents
• Volga River - Human History
• Volga River - Ethnic Groups
• Volga River - Navigation
• Volga River - Related articles

Read more here: » Volga River: Encyclopedia - Volga River

Cube is a 1997 Canadian sci-fi movie directed by Vincenzo Natali. Seven people, who are complete strangers to each other, awaken inside a maze of cubes with no memory of how they got there. They find each other and are forced to work together to survive while trying to escape and, along the way, they have various (sometimes frightening) personality clashes. Despite its low budget, the film achieved moderate commercial success and has acquired something of a cult status as a niche science-fiction title. Much of the film's ...

Including:

• Cube film - Plot summary
• Cube film - Power Struggles and Character Development
• Cube film - The fatal cubes
• Cube film - Purpose of the cube puzzle
• Cube film - Production details
• Cube film - Sequels
• Cube film - Cast
• Cube film - Similar works

Read more here: » Cube film: Encyclopedia - Cube film

Vasili III Ivanovich (Russian: Василий III Иванович, also Basil) (March 25, 1479 – December 3, 1533) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil (Гавриил). Vasili III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, prin ...

Read more here: » Vasili III of Russia: Encyclopedia - Vasili III of Russia

Wehrmacht (listen) ▶ (help·info) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. The Wehrmacht of World War II was comprised of the army (das Heer), the navy (die Kriegsmarine), the air force (die Luftwaffe). Waffen-SS ("SS in arms") units were occasionally subordinated to the Wehrmacht. Wehrmacht - Background. The German word Wehrmacht (literally "defence force") was ...

Including:

• Wehrmacht - Background
• Wehrmacht - History
• Wehrmacht - Command structure
• Wehrmacht - War years
• Wehrmacht - Rebellion
• Wehrmacht - War crimes
• Wehrmacht - Prominent members
• Wehrmacht - After World War II
• Wehrmacht - Reference

Read more here: » Wehrmacht: Encyclopedia - Wehrmacht

  Turkic     Bolgar The Chuvash (Chuvashian: чӑвашсем,Russian: чуваши, Tatar: Çuaşlar\Чуашлар) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. According to the Sovietcensus of 1989,the Chuvash population numbered 1,843,300 ; 907,000 of these lived in Chuvashia. The remainder lived in Tatarstan's Aqsubay, Bua, Nurlat, Täteş, Çirmeşän, Çüpräle rayons, Bashkortostan, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Tyumen, Kemerovo, Orenburg, Moscow oblasts of Russia ...

Read more here: » Chuvash people: Encyclopedia - Chuvash people

Zilant is a legendary creature, something between dragon and wyvern, which has been an official symbol of Kazan since 1730. This winged snake is a part of Tatar and Russian folklore, mentioned in legends about the foundation of Kazan. Zilant - Nomenclature and etymology. The word Zilant is the English transcription of Russian Зилант, itself a rendering of Tatar yılan (i.e., "snake", sometimes pronounced as /ʓɨlɑn`/).

Including:

• Zilant - Nomenclature and etymology
• Zilant - Legends
• Zilant - Interpretations
• Zilant - Zilantaw in Kazan
• Zilant - Zilant as a state symbol
• Zilant - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Zilant: Encyclopedia - Zilant

Blitzkrieg (German, literally lightning war) is a popular name for an operational-level military doctrine which employed mobile forces attacking with speed and surprise to prevent an enemy from implementing a coherent defense. The doctrines resulting in the blitzkrieg effect were developed in the years after World War I as a method to help prevent trench warfare and linear warfare. Blitzkrieg was first used on any serious scale by the German Wehrmacht in World War II. Operations early in the war—the invasions of ...

Including:

• Blitzkrieg - Etymology and modern meaning
• Blitzkrieg - Interwar period
• Blitzkrieg - Reichswehr
• Blitzkrieg - Foreign influence
• Blitzkrieg - Guderian into the Wehrmacht
• Blitzkrieg - Panzertruppe and Luftwaffe
• Blitzkrieg - Spanish Civil War
• Blitzkrieg - Methods of operations
• Blitzkrieg - Schwerpunkt
• Blitzkrieg - Paralysis
• Blitzkrieg - Kesselschlacht
• Blitzkrieg - Operations in the Second World War
• Blitzkrieg - Poland and France 1939–40
• Blitzkrieg - Soviet Union: the Eastern Front: 1941–45
• Blitzkrieg - Western Front 1944–45
• Blitzkrieg - Countermeasures and limitations
• Blitzkrieg - Terrain
• Blitzkrieg - Air superiority
• Blitzkrieg - Counter-tactics
• Blitzkrieg - Logistics
• Blitzkrieg - Influence

Read more here: » Blitzkrieg: Encyclopedia - Blitzkrieg

Adam Olearius (born Adam Oehlschlaeger) (1603-1671), German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian. He became secretary to the ambassador sent by the duke of Holstein-Gottorp to the Shah of Persia, and published two books about the events and observations during his travels. Adam Olearius - Travels. He was born at Aschersleben, near Magdeburg. After studying at Leipzig he became librarian and court mathematician to Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp, and in 1633 he was appointed secreta ...

Including:

• Adam Olearius - Travels
• Adam Olearius - Books

Read more here: » Adam Olearius: Encyclopedia - Adam Olearius

A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated, or metro system is a railway system, usually in an urban area, that usually has high capacity and frequency, with large trains and total or near total grade separation from other traffic. Rapid transit - Characteristics and nomenclature. There is no single term in English that all speakers would use for all rapid transit or metro systems. This fact reflects variations not only in national and regional usage, but in what characterist ...

Including:

• Rapid transit - Characteristics and nomenclature
• Rapid transit - Extent
• Rapid transit - Importance functions and station design
• Rapid transit - Technology
• Rapid transit - History
• Rapid transit - Finance
• Rapid transit - Similarities to light rail

Read more here: » Rapid transit: Encyclopedia - Rapid transit

The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of 17,075,200 km² (6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world (by land mass), covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. I ...

Including:

• Russia - History
• Russia - Ancient Rus
• Russia - Imperial Russia
• Russia - Russia as part of Soviet Union
• Russia - Post-Soviet Russia
• Russia - Politics
• Russia - Subdivisions
• Russia - Geography and Climate
• Russia - Borders
• Russia - Spatial extent
• Russia - Cities
• Russia - Economy
• Russia - Demographics
• Russia - Culture
• Russia - Name
• Russia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Russia: Encyclopedia - Russia

Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam Politi ...

Including:

• Qur'an - Format of the Qur'an
• Qur'an - The Qur'an for reading and recitation
• Qur'an - The language of the Qur'an
• Qur'an - Translation of the Qur'an
• Qur'an - Stylistic attributes
• Qur'an - The beginnings of the suras
• Qur'an - The temporal order of Quranic verses
• Qur'an - Similarities between Quran & Bible
• Qur'an - Origin and development of the Qur'an
• Qur'an - According to Islamic scholars
• Qur'an - According to non-Muslim scholars
• Qur'an - Interpretation of the Qur'an
• Qur'an - 'Created' vs. 'uncreated' Qur'an
• Qur'an - Qur'an recitation
• Qur'an - Schools of recitation
• Qur'an - The Qur'an and Islamic culture
• Qur'an - Writing and printing the Qur'an
• Qur'an - Literature

Read more here: » Qur'an: Encyclopedia - Qur'an

Alexander Romanovich Luria Александр Романович Лурия (July 16, 1902-1977) was a famous Russian neuropsychologist. On the 16th of July 1902, Luria was born in Kazan, a small town east of Moscow. He entered Kazan University when he was sixteen and graduated with a degree at the age of nineteen. While a student, he established the Kazan Psychoanalytic Association. In 1923, his work with reaction times related to thought processes earned him a position at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow. T ...

Read more here: » Alexander Luria: Encyclopedia - Alexander Luria

Emir Mohammed Alim Khan (1880-1944) was the last emir of of the Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Bukhara in Central Asia. He reigned from January 3, 1911 to August 30, 1920. Although Bukhara was a protectorate of the Russian Empire since 1873, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as absolute monarch. At the age of thirteen, Alim Khan was sent by his father Emir Abdulahad Khan to St. Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques. In 1896, having received formal confirmation as Crown Princ ...

Read more here: » Mohammed Alim Khan: Encyclopedia - Mohammed Alim Khan

Ulyanovsk (Russian: Улья́новск), formerly Simbirsk (Симби́рск), is a city on the Volga River in Russia, 893 km east from Moscow. Both Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Kerensky were born there. A frontier fort of "Simbirsk" or "Sinbirsk" was originally built in 1648 on top of the hill on the Western bank of the Volga River, designed to protect the eastern edge of the growing Russian Empire from the nomadic Tatars and to establish ...

Read more here: » Ulyanovsk: Encyclopedia - Ulyanovsk