Katherine Briggs

The will o' the wisps or ignis fatuus ("fool's fire") is the phenomenon of ghostly lights sometimes seen at night or in twilight hovering over damp ground in still air, often over bogs. The will o' the wisps is said to recede if approached. Much folklore has attached to it, leaving some reluctant to accept scientific explanations. Will o' the wisp - Terminology. The lights themselves (as opposed to the phenomenon) are more often referred to as something like corpse candles, as in the De ...

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• Will o' the wisp - Terminology
• Will o' the wisp - Folklore
• Will o' the wisp - Literature
• Will o' the wisp - Theories of origin
• Will o' the wisp - Other titles
• Will o' the wisp - Sources

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The word typology literally means the study of types. Beyond this simple definition, the term has at least six distinct uses in the fields listed below: Typology (archaeology). Typology in archaeology is the classification of things according to their characteristics. Typology (anthropology). Typology in anthropology is the division of culture by race. Linguistics. See linguistic typology and morphological typology. Typology is a branch of linguistics which concerns itself wit

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The term progressive in education has been used somewhat indiscriminately; there are a number of kinds of educational progressivism, most of the historically significant kinds peaking in the period between the late 19th and the middle of the 20th centuries. Education reform - Child-study. Jean-Jacques Rousseau has been called the father of the child-study movement. ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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Among European rural people, especially in Gaelic and Slavic folk cultures, the will o' the wisps is held to be mischievous spirits of the dead or other supernatural beings attempting to lead travellers astray (compare Puck.) Sometimes they are believed to be the spirits of unbaptized or stillborn children, flitting between heaven and hell (compare Wilis). Modern occultist elaborations bracket them with the salamander, a type of spirit wholly independent from humans (unlike ghosts, which are presumed to have been humans at some point in the past). They also fit the description of certain types of fairy, which m ...

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Will o' the wisp, Will o' the wisp - Terminology, Will o' the wisp - Folklore, Will o' the wisp - Literature, Will o' the wisp - Theories of origin, Will o' the wisp - Other titles, Will o' the wisp - Sources

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Home education is favored by some parents who directly take responsibility for their children's education, eliminating accountability by public officials. For more information, see home education. Montessori Pre- and Primary school programs employ alternative methods of guided exploration, embracing children's natural curiosity rather than scolding it for falling out of rank. ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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The current student voice effort echoes past school reform initiatives focusing on parent involvement, community involvement, and other forms of participation in schools. However, it is finding a significant amount of success in schools because of the inherent differences: student voice is central to the daily schooling experience because students spend all day there. Many educators today strive for meaningful student involvement in their classrooms, while school administrators, school board members, and elected officials each lurch to hear what students have to say. See also ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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Education reform - Taiwan. In other parts of the world, educational reform has had a number of different meanings. In Taiwan in the 1990s and 2000s a movement tried to prioritize reasoning over mere facts, reduce the emphasis on central control and standardized testing. There was consensus on the problems. Efforts were limited because there was little consensus on the goals of educational reforms, and therefore on how to fix the problems. ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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Libertarian theorists such as Milton Friedman advocate School choice to eliminate any need for formal accountability. Public educational vouchers would permit guardians to select and pay any school, public or private, with public funds. The theory is that children's guardians will shop for the best schools. Education reform - Charter schools. Charter schools also attempt to free administrators from regulations and local political entanglements to improve their administration. The Center for Educational Ref ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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Prior to the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 1800s by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies. Because these schools operated on very small budgets and attempted to serve as many needy children as possible, economic factors were prominent in their design. The basic program was to develop "grammar" schools. These taught only grammar and bookkeeping. This program ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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In literature, Will o' the wisp often has a metaphorical meaning, describing any hope or goal that leads one on but is impossible to reach, or something one finds sinister and confounding. Some examples of references in literature are: Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner describes the Will o'the wisp. The poem was first published in the Lyrical Ballads of 1798.    "About, about in reel and rout,      
...

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Will o' the wisp, Will o' the wisp - Terminology, Will o' the wisp - Folklore, Will o' the wisp - Literature, Will o' the wisp - Theories of origin, Will o' the wisp - Other titles, Will o' the wisp - Sources

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One possible naturalistic and scientific explanation for such phenomena is that the oxidation of hydrogen phosphide and methane gases produced by the decay of organic material may cause glowing lights to appear in the air. Experiments, for example, done by the Italian chemists Luigi Garlaschelli and Paolo Boschetti, have replicated the lights by adding chemicals to the gasses formed by rotting compounds. Critics claim that this theory does not easily account for reported cases which claim lights bob, swoo ...

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Will o' the wisp, Will o' the wisp - Terminology, Will o' the wisp - Folklore, Will o' the wisp - Literature, Will o' the wisp - Theories of origin, Will o' the wisp - Other titles, Will o' the wisp - Sources

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Education reform - Classical times. Plato believed that children would never learn unless they wanted to learn. In The Republic, he said "...compulsory learning never sticks in the mind." One of the most important educational debates in the time of the Roman Empire arose after Christianity had achieved broad acceptance. The question concerned the educational value of pre-Christian classical thought: given that the body of knowledge of the pre-Christian Romans was heathen in origin, wa ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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Education reform has been pursued for a variety of specific reasons, but generally most reforms aim at redressing some societal ills, such as poverty-, gender-, or class-based inequities, or perceived ineffectiveness. Reforms are usually proposed by thinkers who aim to redress societal ills or institute societal changes, most often through a change in the education of the members of a class of people—the preparation of a ruling class to rule or a working class to work, the social hygiene of a lower or immigrant class, the preparation of ci ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

Read more here: » Education reform: Encyclopedia II - Education reform - Motivations