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karyotype | A Wisdom Archive on karyotype | | karyotype A selection of articles related to karyotype | |
| We recommend this article: karyotype - 1, and also this: karyotype - 2. |
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karyotype, Karyotype, Karyotype - Classic karyotype, Karyotype - Spectral karyotype SKY technique, genome screen
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO karyotype | | | |  karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Normal kidney developmentIn humans, the metanephros (adult kidney) begins as an aggregate of mesenchymal cells that are detectable by the fifth gestational week as two small areas in the intermediate mesoderm close to the pelvic aorta. It is approximately at this time that the nephric duct produces a finger-like projection called the ureteric bud that has, or will soon invade, the aggregate of cells known as the metanephric mesenchyme. The ureteric bud of the nephric duct is stimulated by genetic signals emanating from the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud ...
See also:Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Terminology Gender terms used to describe transsexual people always relate to the target. For example, a transsexual man is someone who was identified as female at birth owing to his genitals, but identifies as a man and who is transitioning, or has transitioned, to a male social gender role and a male-identified body (an alternative term is female-to-male transsexual or transman; compare also transwoman).
One common abbreviation used to clarify involves versions of "assigned-to-target", i.e. female-to-male, or male-to-female. This helps a ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Terminology |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Definitions The minimum requirements for a person to be considered transsexual are debated. Some feel that hormone-induced changes, without surgical changes, are sufficient to qualify for the label transsexual. Others, especially health care providers, believe there is a certain set of procedures that must always be completed. The general public often defines "a transsexual" as someone who had or plans to have a "sex change" surgery. The current term in widest use for modification of sexual characteristics is sex reassignment surgery (SRS), a ter ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Definitions |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy Most transsexual men and women suffer from great psychological and emotional pain due to the conflict between their gender identity and their original gender role and anatomy. They often find that their only recourse is to change their gender role and undergo gender reassignment therapy. This may include taking hormones to modify their secondary sex characteristics or having sex reassignment surgery to change their primary sex characteristics.
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See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects Main article: Legal aspects of transsexualism
Many Western societies, nowadays, have some sort of procedure whereby an individual can change their name, and sometimes, their legal gender, to reflect their gender identity. Medical procedures for transsexual and transgender people are also available in most Western countries. However, transsexual and transgender people make strong challenges to the prevalence of gender roles in many cultures and often face considerable hatred and prejud ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Transsexual youth Different individuals begin to come to terms with their gender identity during many different stages in their life. In most cases, the transsexual condition becomes apparent at some time in childhood, sometimes in very early childhood, where the child may be expressing behaviour incongruent with, and dissatisfaction related to, his or her assigned gender.
Most of the time, though, these children try to hide their being different as soon as they experience rejection resulting from their differences.
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See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Transsexual youth |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Stealth After this level of transition and development has been achieved, some transsexual men and women may wish to blend in with other members of their new sex, and will avoid revealing their past. They do this believing that it will provide greater peace and security on the other side of a stressful and potentially dangerous transition.
This behaviour, known as stealth, is recognized by most people in the transsexual community as an individual decision one must make. Some, however, within and outside the transsexual community, feel ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Stealth |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Turner syndrome - Causes Turner syndrome is caused by the loss of genetic material from one of the sex chromosomes. In Turner syndrome, the embryo has only one functioning sex chromosome. This chromosome is always an X chromosome, as an embryo with only a Y chromosome is incapable of survival. The remaining X chromosome is either absent or damaged. Mosaic Turner syndrome, where some of the cells have two sex chromosomes but others have only a single functioning X chromosome, is also possible. In cases of mosaic Turner syndrome, the symptoms are usually less pronounced.
There are ...
See also:Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome - Symptoms, Turner syndrome - Causes, Turner syndrome - Incidence, Turner syndrome - History, Turner syndrome - Diagnosis, Turner syndrome - Medical consequences of Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome - Cardiovascular, Turner syndrome - Skeletal, Turner syndrome - Kidney, Turner syndrome - Thyroid, Turner syndrome - Diabetes, Turner syndrome - Cognitive, Turner syndrome - Reproductive, Turner syndrome - Treatment Read more here: » Turner syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Turner syndrome - Causes |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism A small percentage of cases of isolated cryptorchidism are familial. It has been reported that about 4% of fathers and 6-10% of brothers of affected boys have also had cryptorchidism. Few specific genes associated with isolated cryptorchidism have been identified.
In contrast, many of the genes causing some of the intersex conditions associated with androgen or AMH deficiency or insensitivity have been ident ...
See also:Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Terminology, Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent, Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Associations, Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation, Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Later fertility, Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Androgen - Types of androgens A subset of androgens, adrenal androgens, includes any of the 19-carbon steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex, an adrenal gland, that function as weak steroids or steroid precursors, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione.
Besides testosterone, other androgens include:
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a steroid hormone produced from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex, which is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoa ...
See also:Androgen, Androgen - Types of androgens, Androgen - Androgen functions, Androgen - Development of the male, Androgen - Spermatogenesis, Androgen - Inhibition of fat deposition, Androgen - Muscle mass, Androgen - Brain, Androgen - Insensitivity to androgen in humans Read more here: » Androgen: Encyclopedia II - Androgen - Types of androgens |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Culture and gender roles Main article: gender role
In many prehistoric cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role. In hunter-gatherer societies, women were generally the gatherers of plant foods, while men hunted meat. Because of their intimate knowledge of plant life, most anthropologists argue that it was women who led the Neolithic Revolution and became history's first pioneers of agriculture.
In more recent history, the gender roles of women have changed greatly. Traditional gender roles for middle-class women typically involved dome ...
See also:Woman, Woman - Etymology, Woman - Biology and sex, Woman - Legal rights of women historically, Woman - Biblical law, Woman - Culture and gender roles, Woman - Terms, Woman - Slang, Woman - Vulgar terms Read more here: » Woman: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Culture and gender roles |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism In most full-term infant boys with cryptorchidism but no other genital abnormalities, a cause cannot be found, making this a common, sporadic, unexplained birth defect.
Although severely premature infants can be born before descent of testes, there is a strong association of cryptorchidism with low birthweight due to either prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation. In these infants there is usually no evidence of ho ...
See also:Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Terminology, Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent, Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Associations, Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation, Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Later fertility, Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a testis that will not/cannot descend spontaneously into the scrotum. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. In normal males, as the cremaster muscle relaxes or contracts, the testis moves lower or higher ("retracts") in the scrotum. This cremasteric reflex is much more active in infant boys than older men. A retractile testis high in the scrotum can be difficult to distinguish fro ...
See also:Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Terminology, Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent, Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Associations, Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation, Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Later fertility, Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism The primary management of cryptorchidism is surgery, called orchiopexy. It is usually performed in infancy, if inguinal testes have not descended after 4-6 months, often by a pediatric urologist or pediatric surgeon, but in many communities still by a general urologist or surgeon.
When the undescended testis is in the inguinal canal, hormonal therapy is sometimes attempted and occasionally successful. The most commonly used hormone therapy is human chorionic gonadotropin. A series of hCG injections (10 injections over 5 weeks is commo ...
See also:Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Terminology, Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent, Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Associations, Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation, Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Later fertility, Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Legal rights of women historically Some early legal systems that are the antecedents of modern systems formalized female dependency.
Woman - Biblical law.
In the Mosaic law, divorce was not to be performed easily--only under certain circumstances. In most cases, divorce was carried out when the husband or the wife commited adultery, in which case the adulterer was stoned (unless shown mercy). A husband could sign a certificate of divorce if he found indecency in his wife, but if the husband accused his wife of misconduct and if proven other ...
See also:Woman, Woman - Etymology, Woman - Biology and sex, Woman - Legal rights of women historically, Woman - Biblical law, Woman - Culture and gender roles, Woman - Terms, Woman - Slang, Woman - Vulgar terms Read more here: » Woman: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Legal rights of women historically |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Biology and sex Biological factors are not the sole determinants of whether persons are considered, or consider themselves, women. Some women can have abnormal hormonal or chromosomal differences (such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome or other intersex conditions), and there are women who may be without, at least for an earlier part of their lives, typical female physiology (trans, transgendered or t ...
See also:Woman, Woman - Etymology, Woman - Biology and sex, Woman - Legal rights of women historically, Woman - Biblical law, Woman - Culture and gender roles, Woman - Terms, Woman - Slang, Woman - Vulgar terms Read more here: » Woman: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Biology and sex |
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| | | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Man - Biology and sex In terms of sex, men have various sexual characteristics that differentiate them from women. Just as in women, the sex organs of a man are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens and other sperm cords, and the prostate gland. The male reproductive system is oriented around producing and ejaculating semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The concept of fatherhood an ...
See also:Man, Man - Etymology, Man - Age, Man - Biology and sex, Man - Gender roles Read more here: » Man: Encyclopedia II - Man - Biology and sex |
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| | | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Etymology The English term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". In Old English the words wer and wyf (also wæpman and wifman) were what was used to refer to "a man" and "a woman" respectively, and "man" was gender neutral. In Middle English man displaced wer as term for "male human", whilst wyfman (which eventually evolved into woman) was retained for "female human". "Man" does continue to carry its original sense of "Human" however, resulting in an asymmetry sometimes criticiz ...
See also:Woman, Woman - Etymology, Woman - Biology and sex, Woman - Legal rights of women historically, Woman - Biblical law, Woman - Culture and gender roles, Woman - Terms, Woman - Slang, Woman - Vulgar terms Read more here: » Woman: Encyclopedia II - Woman - Etymology |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Classic form Classic Potter Syndrome occurs when the developing fetus has bilateral renal agenesis, which also presents with agenesis of the ureters. BRA has been estimated to occur at a frequency of approximately 1:4000 to 1:8000 fetuses and neonates. However, recent analysis has estimated that the condition may occur at a much greater frequency. The condition has been reported to occur twice as common in males as in females, suggesting that certain genes of the Y chromosome may act as modifiers. However, no candidate gen ...
See also:Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Classic form |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Later fertility Many men who were born with undescended testes have reduced fertility, even after orchiopexy in infancy. The reduction with unilateral cryptorchidism is subtle, with a reported infertility rate of about 10%, compared with about 6% reported by the same study for the general population of adult men.
The fertility reduction after orchiopexy for bilateral cryptorchidism is more marked, about 38%, or 6 times that of the general population. The basis for the universal recommendation for early surgery is research showing degeneration of sper ...
See also:Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Terminology, Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent, Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Associations, Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation, Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Later fertility, Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Later fertility |
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