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karyotype | A Wisdom Archive on karyotype | | karyotype A selection of articles related to karyotype | |
| We recommend this article: karyotype - 1, and also this: karyotype - 2. |
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karyotype, Karyotype, Karyotype - Classic karyotype, Karyotype - Spectral karyotype SKY technique, genome screen
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO karyotype | | | | |  karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptorUnderstanding the effects of androgen insensitivity begins with an understanding of the normal effects of testosterone in male and female development. The principal mammalian androgens are testosterone and its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
The androgen receptor (AR) is a large protein of at least 910 amino acids. Each molecule consists of a portion which binds the androgen, a zinc finger portion t ...
See also:Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics inheritance and incidence, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46XY fetus, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46XY infants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46XY children, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sex - Sex in non-animal species Plants are generally hermaphrodites, but this terminology is quickly complicated by variations in the degree of sexuality. As with animals, there are only two types of gametes. These are generally called male and female based on their relative sizes and motility. In flowering plants, flowers bear the gametes. In some cases, flowers may contain only one type of gamete while in others they may contain both.
In other varieties of multicellular life (e.g. the fungi division, Basidiomycota) sexual characteristics can be much more complex, and may involv ...
See also:Sex, Sex - Sex in non-animal species, Sex - Sex among humans, Sex - Discordance, Sex - Biological varieties of discordance, Sex - Psychological, behavioral, and cultural varieties of discordance, Sex - Social and legal considerations Read more here: » Sex: Encyclopedia II - Sex - Sex in non-animal species |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations, or chromosomal inversions, although they may lead to a higher chance of having a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, aneuploidy, may be lethal or give rise to genetic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement.
The gain or loss of chromosome material can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Examples include:
Cri du chat, which is c ...
See also:Chromosome, Chromosome - Chromosomes in plants, yeast and animals, Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria, Chromosome - Chromatin, Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species, Chromosome - Karyotype, Chromosome - Human, Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations Read more here: » Chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Chromatin Two types of chromatin can be distinguished:
Euchromatin, which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., expressed as protein.
Heterochromatin, which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types:
Constitutive heterochromatin, which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences.
Facultative heterochromatin, which is ...
See also:Chromosome, Chromosome - Chromosomes in plants, yeast and animals, Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria, Chromosome - Chromatin, Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species, Chromosome - Karyotype, Chromosome - Human, Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations Read more here: » Chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Chromatin |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics, inheritance, and incidence The gene, AR, for the human androgen receptor is located within the Xq11-12 area of the X chromosome. Effects of the AIS mutations behave as sex-linked recessive traits, causing minimal or no effects in 46,XX women. In other words, since 46,XX women have two X chromosomes, and hence two copies of the gene for the androgen receptor, no problems occur if one of the genes is defective. Since a 46,XY person has only a single X chromosome, a deleterious mutation of the androgen receptor gene on ...
See also:Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics, inheritance, and incidence, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46, XY fetus, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46, XY infants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46, XY children, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics, inheritance, and incidence |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sex - Sex among humans In humans, sex is conventionally perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes, such that a person can only be female or male. However, when the criteria which are generally used to define femaleness or maleness are examined more closely, it becomes apparent that the assignment or determination of 'sex' occurs at multiple levels. Environmental, biological, social, psychological and other factors are all believed to have some role in this process, and the complex intera ...
See also:Sex, Sex - Sex in non-animal species, Sex - Sex among humans, Sex - Discordance, Sex - Biological varieties of discordance, Sex - Psychological, behavioral, and cultural varieties of discordance, Sex - Social and legal considerations Read more here: » Sex: Encyclopedia II - Sex - Sex among humans |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor Understanding the effects of androgen insensitivity begins with an understanding of the normal effects of testosterone in male and female development. The principal mammalian androgens are testosterone and its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
The androgen receptor (AR) is a large protein of at least 910 amino acids. Each molecule consists of a portion which binds the androgen, a zinc finger portion t ...
See also:Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics, inheritance, and incidence, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46, XY fetus, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46, XY infants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46, XY children, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome Read more here: » Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria Bacterial chromosomes are often circular but sometimes linear. Some bacteria have one chromosome, while others have a few. Bacterial DNA also exists as plasmids. The distinction between plasmids and chromosomes is poorly defined, though size and necessity are generally taken into account. Bacterial chromosomes initiate replication and one origin of replication.
When linear, bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacte ...
See also:Chromosome, Chromosome - Chromosomes in plants, yeast and animals, Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria, Chromosome - Chromatin, Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species, Chromosome - Karyotype, Chromosome - Human, Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations Read more here: » Chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species
Normal members of a particular species all have the same number of chromosomes (see the table).
Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes, which is the same in all body cells.
Gametes, reproductive cells, are haploid [n] and have one set of chromosomes. Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells, body cells, which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chrom ...
See also:Chromosome, Chromosome - Chromosomes in plants, yeast and animals, Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria, Chromosome - Chromatin, Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species, Chromosome - Karyotype, Chromosome - Human, Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations Read more here: » Chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Turner syndrome - Symptoms Common symptoms of Turner syndrome include:
Short stature
Lymphoedema (swelling) of the hands and feet
Broad chest and widely-spaced nipples
Low hairline
Low-set ears
Reproductive sterility
Other symptoms include a small lower jaw, cubitus valgus (turned-out elbows), a webbed neck, and soft, upturned nails. Less common are pigmented moles, hearing loss, and a high-arch palate. Turner syndrome manifests itself differently in different people, an ...
See also:Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome - Symptoms, Turner syndrome - Causes, Turner syndrome - Incidence, Turner syndrome - History, Turner syndrome - Diagnosis, Turner syndrome - Medical consequences of Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome - Cardiovascular, Turner syndrome - Skeletal, Turner syndrome - Kidney, Turner syndrome - Thyroid, Turner syndrome - Diabetes, Turner syndrome - Cognitive, Turner syndrome - Reproductive, Turner syndrome - Treatment Read more here: » Turner syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Turner syndrome - Symptoms |
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| | | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Genetics While genetic research has linked certain genetic mutations to be the cause of ARPKD, ADPKD and possibly MRD, to date no genetic mutation or chromosomal anomaly has been linked to be the cause of BRA. Chromosomal anomalies have been have been associated with BRA in certain cases (Chromosomes 1, 2, 5 and 21), but these anomalies were not inherited and have not been observed in subsequent cases. Additionally, neither extreme substance abuse or environmental factors (high power line, mercury, etc.) have been reported to be linked to an increase ...
See also:Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Genetics |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics The failure of the metanephros to develop in cases of BRA and some cases involving unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is due primarily to the failure of the nephric duct to produce a ureteric bud capable of inducing the metanephric mesenchyme. The failed induction will thereby cause the subsequent degeneration of the metanephros by apoptosis and other mechanisms. The nephric duct(s) of the agenic kidney(s) will also degenerate and fail to connect with the bladder. Therefore, the means by which the fetus produces urine and transports it to the b ...
See also:Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Retransitions While rare, transsexuals sometimes choose to retransition to their original sex. However, every recent study done on the number of these cases states that their number is well below 1%, and that the reasons for retransitioning are very diverse. See this article in the International Journal of Transgenderism for examples.
These cases are often cited as reasons for the lengthy triadic process outlined in the Standards of Care, which specifies a treatment process combining psychological, hormonal, and surgical care. While many hav ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Retransitions |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences Humans have 46 chromosomes, including 2 sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males. It is obvious that the Y chromosome must carry at least one essential gene which determines testicular formation (originally termed TDF). A gene in the sex-determining region of the short arm of the Y, now referred to as SRY, has been found to direct production of a protein which binds to DNA, inducing differentiation of cells derived from the genital ridges into testes. In transgenic XX mice (and some human XX ...
See also:Sexual differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences, Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Breast differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Other body differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Brain differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation in humans, Sexual differentiation - Gender identity role and orientation, Sexual differentiation - Defeminization and masculinization female as the default path Read more here: » Sexual differentiation: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Transsexuals enjoy varying degrees of acceptance in non-Western societies.
In 1976, the supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, issued a fatwa to allow people with hormonal disorders to change sex if they wished, as well as change their birth certificates. Before the Islamic Revolution in 1979, there was no particular policy regarding transsexuals. Iranians with the inclination, means and connections could obtain the necessary medical treatment and new identity documents. The new religious government, however, classified ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation Early in fetal life, germ cells migrate to the genital ridge. By week 6, undifferentiated gonads consist of germ cells, supporting cells, and steroidogenic cells.
In a male, SRY and other genes induce differentiation of supporting cells into Sertoli cells and (indirectly) steroidogenic cells into Leydig cells to form testes, which become microscopically identifiable and begin to produce hormones by week 8. Germ cells become spermatogonia.
Without SRY, ovaries form during months 2-6. Failure of ovarian development ...
See also:Sexual differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences, Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Breast differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Other body differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Brain differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation in humans, Sexual differentiation - Gender identity role and orientation, Sexual differentiation - Defeminization and masculinization female as the default path Read more here: » Sexual differentiation: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation In a male fetus, testes produce steroid and protein hormones essential for internal and external anatomic differentiation. Leydig cells begin to make testosterone by the end of month 2 of gestation. From then on, male fetuses have higher levels of androgens in their systemic blood than females. The difference is even greater in pelvic and genital tissues. Antimullerian hormone (AMH) is a protein hormone produced by Sertoli cells from the 8th week on. AMH suppresses developmen ...
See also:Sexual differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences, Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Breast differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Other body differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Brain differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation in humans, Sexual differentiation - Gender identity role and orientation, Sexual differentiation - Defeminization and masculinization female as the default path Read more here: » Sexual differentiation: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation For illustrations, see the External links section.
By 7 weeks, a fetus has a genital tubercle, urogenital groove and sinus, and labioscrotal folds. In females, without excess androgens, these become the clitoris, urethra and vagina, and labia.
Males become externally distinct between 8 and 12 weeks, as androgens enlarge the phallus and cause the urogenital groove and sinus to fuse in the midline, producing a ...
See also:Sexual differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences, Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Breast differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Other body differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Brain differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation in humans, Sexual differentiation - Gender identity role and orientation, Sexual differentiation - Defeminization and masculinization female as the default path Read more here: » Sexual differentiation: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation Gonads are histologically distinguishable by 6-8 weeks of gestation. A fetus of that age has both mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts. Subsequent development of one set and degeneration of the other depends on the presence or absence of two testicular hormones: testosterone and AMH. Disruption of typical development may result in the development of both, or neither, duct system, which may produce morpologically bisexual individuals.
Local testosterone causes each wolffian duct to develop into epididymis, vas d ...
See also:Sexual differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Chromosomal sex differences, Sexual differentiation - Gonadal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Hormonal differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - External genital differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Breast differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Other body differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Brain differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation, Sexual differentiation - Psychological and behavioral differentiation in humans, Sexual differentiation - Gender identity role and orientation, Sexual differentiation - Defeminization and masculinization female as the default path Read more here: » Sexual differentiation: Encyclopedia II - Sexual differentiation - Internal genital differentiation |
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| | | | | karyotype: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media Male-to-female transsexuals are commonly featured in pornography. Typically depicted without having had vaginoplasty, they are usually referred to as "shemales" (a term regarded as offensive by many transsexuals).
Transsexualism is often presented in popular media as a joke. Films containing serious depictions of transgender issues include The World According to Garp and The Crying Game. The film Different for Girls is notable for a sensitive depiction of a male-to-female transsexual who meets up with, and forms a ...
See also:Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures Read more here: » Transsexuality: Encyclopedia II - Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media |
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