John Langdon Down first characterized Down syndrome in 1862 (widely published in 1866). Because of his perception that Down syndrome children share physical similarities with Mongolians, he used the terms mongolism or mongolian idiocy. In 1959, Professor Jérome Lejeune discovered that Down syndrome is a chromosomal irregularity [1]. The chromosomal irregularity was identified as trisomy 21. The human karyotype is numbered from largest to smallest (excluding the X and Y), so Lejeune ascribed the trisomy to chromos ...

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Down syndrome, Down syndrome - Overview, Down syndrome - History, Down syndrome - Genetics, Down syndrome - Prenatal Screening, Down syndrome - Education, Down syndrome - Medical research, Down syndrome - Down Syndrome's sociology, Down syndrome - Notable individuals, Down syndrome - Down syndrome in fiction, Down syndrome - Sources

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No vital genes reside only on the Y chromosome, since 50% of humans do not have Y chromosomes. The only well-defined human disease linked to a defect on the Y chromosome is defective testicular development (due to deletion or deleterious mutation of SRY. This results in sex reversal, so that a person with an XY karyotype has a female phenotype (i.e., is born a female). The lack of the second X results in infertility for her. However it is possible for an abnormal ...

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Y chromosome, Y chromosome - Function, Y chromosome - Origins, Y chromosome - Genes on the Y Chromosome, Y chromosome - Y chomosome-linked diseases, Y chromosome - Repair of the Y chromosome, Y chromosome - Y chromosome in Genetic Genealogy

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Kappa particle -- Karyokinesis -- Karyotype -- Kilobase -- Kin selection -- Kinetochore -- Klinefelter syndrome -- ...

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List of genetic engineering topics, List of genetic engineering topics - #, List of genetic engineering topics - A, List of genetic engineering topics - B, List of genetic engineering topics - C, List of genetic engineering topics - D, List of genetic engineering topics - E, List of genetic engineering topics - F, List of genetic engineering topics - G, List of genetic engineering topics - H, List of genetic engineering topics - I, List of genetic engineering topics - J, List of genetic engineering topics - K, List of genetic engineering topics - L, List of genetic engineering topics - M, List of genetic engineering topics - N, List of genetic engineering topics - O, List of genetic engineering topics - P, List of genetic engineering topics - Q, List of genetic engineering topics - R, List of genetic engineering topics - S, List of genetic engineering topics - T, List of genetic engineering topics - U, List of genetic engineering topics - V, List of genetic engineering topics - W, List of genetic engineering topics - X, List of genetic engineering topics - Y, List of genetic engineering topics - Z

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Sex, in the scope of this article and category, refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction. The somewhat similar term gender has more to do with identity than biology. The concept is confined to organisms that reproduce sexually. The female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete (i.e., reproductive cell) and which typically bears the offspring. The category of sex reflects the biological reproductive function, rather than sexaulity or other behaviors. In some lower animals, sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism as some species, such a ...

Including:

Sex - Sex in non-animal species Sex - Sex among humans
Sex - Biological varieties of discordance Sex - Psychological, behavioral, and cultural varieties of discordance Sex - Social and legal considerations

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Cryptorchidism is a medical term referring to absence from the scrotum of one or both testes. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, to "descend," during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. A testis absent from the normal scrotal position can be: found anywhere along the "path ...

Including:

Cryptorchidism - Terminology Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism Cryptorchidism - Associations Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism Cryptorchidism - Later fertility Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk

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Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens, which were first discovered in 1936, are also called androgenic hormones or testoids. Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids. They are also the precursor of ...

Including:

Androgen - Types of androgens Androgen - Androgen functions
Androgen - Development of the male Androgen - Spermatogenesis Androgen - Inhibition of fat deposition Androgen - Muscle mass Androgen - Brain
Androgen - Insensitivity to androgen in humans

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS, or "Androgen resistance syndrome") is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation that results from mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. It has also been called androgen resistance in the medical literature. The nature of the resulting problem varies according to the structure and sensitivity of the abnormal receptor. Most of the forms of AIS involve variable degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility in XY persons of either sex. A woman with complete androgen ...

Including:

Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics inheritance and incidence Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Normal function of androgens and the androgen receptor
Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Prenatal effects of testosterone in 46XY fetus Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Early postnatal effects of testosterone in 46XY infants Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Pubertal effects of testosterone in 46XY children
Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Problems produced by androgen insensitivity
Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1. Complete AIS Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 2. Incomplete or partial AIS Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 3. Reifenstein syndrome Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 4. Infertile male syndrome Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 5. Undervirilized fertile male syndrome Androgen insensitivity syndrome - 6. X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy syndrome

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Sex, in the scope of this article and category, refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction. The somewhat similar term gender has more to do with identity than biology. The concept is confined to organisms that reproduce sexually. The female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete (i.e., reproductive cell) and which typically bears the offspring. The category of sex reflects the biological reproductive function, rather than sexaulity or other behaviors. In some lower animals, sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism as some species, such a ...

Including:

Sex - Sex in non-animal species Sex - Sex among humans
Sex - Discordance Sex - Biological varieties of discordance Sex - Psychological behavioral and cultural varieties of discordance Sex - Social and legal considerations

Read more here: » Sex: Encyclopedia - Sex

A woman is an adult female human, as contrasted with a man (an adult male), and a girl, (a female child). The term woman (irregular plural: women) is used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions, or both. Woman - Etymology. The English term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". In Old Englis ...

Including:

Woman - Etymology Woman - Biology and sex Woman - Legal rights of women historically
Woman - Biblical law
Woman - Culture and gender roles Woman - Terms
Woman - Slang Woman - Vulgar terms

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A man is a male human adult, in contrast to an adult female, which is a woman. The term man (irregular plural: men) is a term used to indicate either a person generally, or a male person specifically. Man - Etymology. The term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". The word developed into Old English man, mann "human bein ...

Including:

Man - Etymology Man - Age Man - Biology and sex Man - Gender roles

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Most hypospadias are sporadic, without inheritance or family recurrence. For most cases, no cause can be identified though a number of hypotheses related to inadequate androgen effect, or environmental agents interfering with androgen effect, have been offered. Among the suspected environmental agents have been various chemicals, sometimes termed endocrine disruptors, that interact with steroid receptors. Putative endocrine disrup ...

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Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

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While most of the symptoms of Turner syndrome are harmless, some can lead to significant medical problems. Turner syndrome - Cardiovascular. It is interesting for a better understanding to first consider the results of Price et al, 1986 study of 156 female patients with Turner syndrome. Indeed they showed a significantly greater number of deaths from diseases of the circulatory system than expected, half of them due to congenital heart disease. The interesting finding is that when patients with congenital heart disease were omitted from the sample of the study ...

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Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome - Symptoms, Turner syndrome - Causes, Turner syndrome - Incidence, Turner syndrome - History, Turner syndrome - Diagnosis, Turner syndrome - Medical consequences of Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome - Cardiovascular, Turner syndrome - Skeletal, Turner syndrome - Kidney, Turner syndrome - Thyroid, Turner syndrome - Diabetes, Turner syndrome - Cognitive, Turner syndrome - Reproductive, Turner syndrome - Treatment

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Androgen - Development of the male. During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes[1]. In humans, starting at about week 4 the gonadal rudiments are present within intermediate mesoderm adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6, epithelial sex cords develop within the forming testes and incorporate the germ cells as they migrate into the gonads. In males, certain Y ch ...

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Androgen, Androgen - Types of androgens, Androgen - Androgen functions, Androgen - Development of the male, Androgen - Spermatogenesis, Androgen - Inhibition of fat deposition, Androgen - Muscle mass, Androgen - Brain, Androgen - Insensitivity to androgen in humans

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The testes begin as an immigration of primordial germ cells into testicular cords along the genital ridge in the abdomen of the early embryo. The interaction of several male genes organizes this developing gonad into a testis rather than an ovary by the second month of gestation. During the 3rd to 5th months, the cells in the testes differentiate into testosterone-producing Leydig cells, and anti-müllerian hormone-producing Sertoli cells. The germ cells in this environment become fetal spermatogonia. Male external genitalia during the 3rd and 4t ...

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Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Terminology, Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent, Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Associations, Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation, Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism - Later fertility, Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk

Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia II - Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent

The English language's original word for "woman" was Old English wīf, akin to German Weib; it later became the modern word "wife." The modern word "woman" etymologically derives from wīfmann, with the addition of mann, "person", from Germanic mannaz. This formation is peculiar to English. The equivalents for "man" in Old English were wer (a cognate of Latin vir, "man") and wǣpnedmann, literally "weaponed person". As previously mentioned, the term man continues to carry its original sense of "Human", though this usage results in an asymmetry which is ...

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Woman, Woman - Etymology, Woman - Biology and sex, Woman - Legal rights of women historically, Woman - Biblical law, Woman - Culture and gender roles, Woman - Terms, Woman - Slang, Woman - Vulgar terms

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There is no scientifically proven cause of transsexualism. However, many theories have been proposed which suggest that the cause of transsexualism has its roots in biology. Because of this, the medical care profession is increasingly viewing transsexuality not as a psychological issue, but as a physical one. But many religious conservatives and others still believe that the causes of transsexualism are predominantly psychological. See also:

Transsexuality, Transsexuality - Definitions, Transsexuality - Terminology, Transsexuality - Causes of transsexualism, Transsexuality - Proposed psychological causes, Transsexuality - Physical causes, Transsexuality - Objections against research of causes, Transsexuality - Gender reassignment therapy, Transsexuality - Psychological treatment, Transsexuality - Requirements for gender reassignment treatment, Transsexuality - Hormone replacement therapy, Transsexuality - Sex reassignment surgery, Transsexuality - Legal and social aspects, Transsexuality - Stealth, Transsexuality - Transsexual youth, Transsexuality - Coming out, Transsexuality - Puberty, Transsexuality - Ensuring the child's security, Transsexuality - Retransitions, Transsexuality - Depictions of transsexuality in the media, Transsexuality - Transsexuals in non-Western cultures

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Since its initial characterization, Potter Syndrome has been defined into five distinct subclassifications. There are those in the medical and research fields that use the term Potter Syndrome to specifically refer to only cases of BRA, while other groups use the term to loosely refer to all instances of oligohydramnios and anhydramnios regardless of the specific cause. The assignment of nomenclature to the various causes (types) were employed in order to help clarify these descrepancies, but, these subclassifications and nomenclature system have not caught on in the medical and research communities. < ...

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Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research

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What happens to a sample after it has been taken varies between localities and labs, but it will usually start with a set of samples and a request form. Typically a set of vacutainer tubes containing blood, or any other specimen will arrive to a laboratory in a small plastic bag, along with the form. The form and the specimens are given a laboratory number. The specimens will usually all receive the same number, often as a sticker that can be placed on the tubes and form. Sometimes different departments use different numbering ...

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Medical laboratory, Medical laboratory - Departments, Medical laboratory - Types of laboratory, Medical laboratory - Sample processing

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During pregnancy, the woman undergoes many physiological changes, which are entirely normal, including cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, metabolic or respiratory changes that become very important in the event of complications. Obstetrics - Metabolism. During pregnancy, both protein metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism are affected. One kilogram of extra protein is deposited, with half going to the fetus and placenta, and another half going to uterine contractile proteins, breast ...

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Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions

Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Maternal physiology

The term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". The word developed into Old English man, mann "human being, person," (cf. also German Mann, Old Norse maðr, Gothic manna "man"). It is derived from a PIE base *man- (cf. Sanskrit/Avestan manu-, Russian muzh "man, male"). Sometimes, the word is connected with the root *me ...

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Man, Man - Etymology, Man - Age, Man - Biology and sex, Man - Gender roles

Read more here: » Man: Encyclopedia II - Man - Etymology

In humans, sex is conventionally perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes, such that a person can only be female or male. However, when the criteria which are generally used to define femaleness or maleness are examined more closely, it becomes apparent that the assignment or determination of 'sex' occurs at multiple levels. Environmental, biological, social, psychological and other factors are all believed to have some role in this process, and the complex intera ...

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Sex, Sex - Sex in non-animal species, Sex - Sex among humans, Sex - Discordance, Sex - Biological varieties of discordance, Sex - Psychological behavioral and cultural varieties of discordance, Sex - Social and legal considerations

Read more here: » Sex: Encyclopedia II - Sex - Sex among humans