Nevertheless, at least from the 1870s the pressure towards the doctrinalisation of Marx's interpretation of history became increasingly strong, for several reasons. (1) Marx & Engels did aim to increase their own political influence in the labor movement and socialist movement, and for this they needed a popular ideology or doctrine which people could easily understand and act upon. Both men were quite capable of sple ...

See also:

Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note

Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine

Marx and Friedrich Engels first developed their outlook on the dynamics of history as young men, in a series of early critiques of the idealist philosophers of their age, including The Holy Family, The Poverty of Philosophy, the 1844 Paris Manuscipts, The Condition of the Working Class in England, but more especially The German Ideology and the Theses on Feuerbach. An ex ...

See also:

Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note

Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook

According to Marxist theorists, history develops in accordance with the following observations: Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal (technology, labor, capital goods, etc.) Humans are inevitably involved in production relations (roughly speaking, economic relationships or institutions), which constitute our most decisive social relations. Production relations progress, with a degree of inevitability, following and corresponding to the developmen ...

See also:

Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note

Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history

The main serious objection advanced by the critics of Marxism and of historical materialism is that as soon as Marxists really begin to study the historical facts, there is either no longer anything distinctively "Marxist" about what they do, or else the facts are twisted to fit with a preconceived dogma. In the worst case, this arguably leads to the totalitarian temptation to try and force the course of history in a particular direction, based on a false belief that one "knows" the way history is moving. The idea here i ...

See also:

Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note

Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Criticisms

According to Anti-Slavery International, "A person enters debt bondage when their labor is demanded as a means of repayment of a loan, or of money given in advance. Usually, people are tricked or trapped into working for no pay or very little pay (in return for such a loan), in conditions which violate their human rights. Invariably, the value of the work done by a bonded laborer is greater that the original sum of money borrowed or advanced." See also:

Debt bondage, Debt bondage - Historical background to bonded labor, Debt bondage - Historical peonage, Debt bondage - Historical examples, Debt bondage - Modern views, Debt bondage - At international law, Debt bondage - Modern example: prostitution, Debt bondage - Marxist analysis

Read more here: » Debt bondage: Encyclopedia II - Debt bondage - Modern views

In Karl Marx's labour theory of value, the concept of capital productivity is rejected as an instance of reification, and replaced with the concepts of the organic composition of capital and the value product of labor. A sharp distinction is drawn by Marx for the productivity of labor in terms of physical outputs produced, and the value or price of those outputs. A small physical output might create a large value, while a large physical output might create only a small value - with obvious consequences for the w ...

See also:

Productivity economics, Productivity economics - Measures of factor productivity, Productivity economics - Marx on productivity, Productivity economics - Productivity studies, Productivity economics - Increases in productivity, Productivity economics - Labor productivity

Read more here: » Productivity economics: Encyclopedia II - Productivity economics - Marx on productivity

Prior to the early modern age, feudal and serfdom systems were the predominant political and economic systems in Europe. These systems were based on the holding of all land in fief or fee, and the resulting relation of lord to vassal, and was characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. Many historians have argued that this system was also established in some Latin American countries, following European settlement. A modernization of the feudal system was "peonage", where debtors were bound in servit ...

See also:

Debt bondage, Debt bondage - Historical background to bonded labor, Debt bondage - Historical peonage, Debt bondage - Historical examples, Debt bondage - Modern views, Debt bondage - At international law, Debt bondage - Modern example: prostitution, Debt bondage - Marxist analysis

Read more here: » Debt bondage: Encyclopedia II - Debt bondage - Historical background to bonded labor

Peonage means an unfree labor system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full. Those bound by such a system are known, in the US, as peons. Employers typically force laborers to buy from employer-owned stores at inflated prices in order to keep them in debt. This is also a variation on the truck system (or company store system), in which workers are exploited by being paid only in minimal amounts of goods and/or services. Such systems have exist ...

See also:

Debt bondage, Debt bondage - Historical background to bonded labor, Debt bondage - Historical peonage, Debt bondage - Historical examples, Debt bondage - Modern views, Debt bondage - At international law, Debt bondage - Modern example: prostitution, Debt bondage - Marxist analysis

Read more here: » Debt bondage: Encyclopedia II - Debt bondage - Historical peonage

In some way, the idea of "human capital" is similar to Karl Marx's concept of labor-power: to him, under capitalism workers had to sell their labor-power in order to receive income (wages and salaries). But long before Mincer or Becker wrote, Marx pointed to "two disagreeably frustrating facts" with theories that equate wages or salaries with the interest on human capital. The worker must actually work, exert his or her mind and body, to earn this "interest." Marx strongly distinguished between one's capacity to wo ...

See also:

Human capital, Human capital - Origin of concept, Human capital - Knowledge and capital, Human capital - Human capital and labor-power, Human capital - Debates about the concept, Human capital - Mobility between nations

Read more here: » Human capital: Encyclopedia II - Human capital - Human capital and labor-power

Trier is the oldest seat of a Christian bishop in Germany. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop of Trier was an important ecclesiastical prince, controlling land from the French border to the Rhine. He was also one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire. The Cathedral of Trier -- Dom St. Peter -- is home to the Holy Tunic, a garment that presumably goes back to the robe Christ was wearing. It is exhibited at irregual intervals, typically twice a century. Trier is also the birthplace of the influential philosopher Karl Marx. The Karl-Marx-Haus is the house where he was born. It wa ...

See also:

Trier, Trier - History, Trier - Sights, Trier - Miscellaneous, Trier - Infrastructure

Read more here: » Trier: Encyclopedia II - Trier - Miscellaneous

This trend of thinking is powerfully developed in the thought of Karl Marx (a student of Hegel's thought) and his secular historical materialism. With splendid rhetoric, Marx describes the mid-19th century condition in the Communist Manifesto as follows: "The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first conditi ...

See also:

Social progress, Social progress - Enlightenment, Social progress - The notion of freedom, Social progress - Marx's radicalism, Social progress - Modernism, Social progress - Postmodernism and social progress, Social progress - Four recent trends of thought about social progress

Read more here: » Social progress: Encyclopedia II - Social progress - Marx's radicalism

Peonage is a system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full. Those bound by such a system are known, in the US, as peons. Employers may force laborers to buy from employer-owned stores at inflated prices in order to keep them in debt. This method is an unjust variation of the truck system (or company store system), in which workers are exploited by being paid only in insufficient amounts of goods and/or services. In these circumstances, peonage is a form of unfree labor. Such systems -- just and unjust -- have exist ...

See also:

Debt bondage, Debt bondage - Historical background to bonded labor, Debt bondage - Historical peonage, Debt bondage - Historical examples, Debt bondage - Modern views, Debt bondage - At international law, Debt bondage - Modern example: prostitution, Debt bondage - Marxist analysis

Read more here: » Debt bondage: Encyclopedia II - Debt bondage - Historical peonage

Marxian economics has been built upon by many others, beginning almost at the moment of Marx's death. The second and third volumes of Das Kapital were edited by his close associate Friedrich Engels, based on Marx's notes. Marx's Theories of Surplus value was edited by Karl Kautsky. More recent economists who have made significant contributions in the Marxian vein include among others Isaac I. Rubin, Paul Sweezy, Paul A. Baran, Michal Kalecki, Harry Magdoff, Piero Sraffa, Joan Robinson, Anwar Shaikh, Samuel Bowles, Kozo U ...

See also:

Marxian economics, Marxian economics - Marxian versus Marxist, Marxian economics - Marx and classical economics, Marxian economics - Marx's economic theories, Marxian economics - Liberal Challenge, Marxian economics - Current theorizing in Marxian economics

Read more here: » Marxian economics: Encyclopedia II - Marxian economics - Current theorizing in Marxian economics

Religion:

A set of beliefs, including rituals and theological doctrines propounding the glory of the Supremme Spirit (God). 'The opium of the masses' according to Karl Marx.

(See also: Religion, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Althusser's earlier works include the influential volume Reading Capital, which collects the work of Althusser and his students on an intensive philosophical re-reading of Marx's Capital. The book reflects on the philosophical status of Marxist theory as "critique of political economy," and on its object. The current English edition of this work includes only the essays of Althusser and Étienne Balibar, while the original French edition contains additional contributions from Jacques Ranciere and Pierre Macherey, among others. ...

See also:

Louis Althusser, Louis Althusser - Biographical information, Louis Althusser - Early Life, Louis Althusser - Health, Louis Althusser - Post-War, Louis Althusser - 1980s, Louis Althusser - Thought, Louis Althusser - The 'Epistemological Break', Louis Althusser - Practices, Louis Althusser - Contradiction and Overdetermination, Louis Althusser - Ideological State Apparatuses, Louis Althusser - Influence

Read more here: » Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia II - Louis Althusser - Thought

The philosopher Étienne Balibar wrote in a 1993 introductory text that "there is no Marxist philosophy and there never will be; on the other hand, Marx is more important for philosophy than ever before." So even the existence of Marxist philosophy is debatable (the answer may depend on what is meant by "philosophy," a complicated question in itself). Balibar's remark is intended to explain the significance of the final line of Karl Marx's eleven Theses on Feuerbach, which can be read as an epitaph for philosophy: The philosophers have only interpreted the wor ...

See also:

Marxist philosophy, Marxist philosophy - Marxism and philosophy, Marxist philosophy - Key works and authors, Marxist philosophy - Differences within Marxist philosophy

Read more here: » Marxist philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Marxist philosophy - Marxism and philosophy

Karl Marx emphasized that, with few exceptions, means of production are not a productive force unless they are actually operated, maintained and conserved by living human labor. Without applying living human labor, their physical condition and value would deteriorate, depreciate, or be destroyed (an example would be a ghost town or capital depreciation due to strike action). In addition, Marx shows that in capitalist society, the productive forces take the form of, or appear as, capital i.e. tradeable assets. The reason is, that in su ...

See also:

Productive forces, Productive forces - Productive forces and labor, Productive forces - A quote from Marx on the productive forces, Productive forces - Productive force determinism, Productive forces - Productive forces and techno-fetishism, Productive forces - Productive forces and productivity, Productive forces - Critique of technology, Productive forces - References:

Read more here: » Productive forces: Encyclopedia II - Productive forces - Productive forces and labor

Combined with the productive forces, the relations of production constitute a historically specific mode of production. Karl Marx contrasts the social relations of production with the technical relations of production; in the former case, it is people (subjects) who are related, in the latter case, the relation is between people and objects in the physical world they inhabit (those objects are, in ...

See also:

Relations of production, Relations of production - Definitions, Relations of production - Illustration, Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification, Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution, Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

Read more here: » Relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification

Sociology of knowledge - Karl Mannheim. The German political philosophers Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) argued in Die Deutsche Ideologie (1846, German Ideology) and elsewhere that people's ideologies, including their social and political beliefs and opinions, are rooted in their class interests, and more generally in the social and economic circumstances in which they live: "It is men, who in developing their material inter-course, change, along with this their real exis ...

See also:

Sociology of knowledge, Sociology of knowledge - Schools, Sociology of knowledge - Karl Mannheim, Sociology of knowledge - Phenomenological sociology, Sociology of knowledge - Michel Foucault, Sociology of knowledge - Bruno Latour, Sociology of knowledge - The sociology of mathematical knowledge

Read more here: » Sociology of knowledge: Encyclopedia II - Sociology of knowledge - Schools

Socialism and sexual orientation - Marx and Engels. Nothing which Karl Marx, the principal founder of socialist theory, may have said publicly about sexual orientation has survived. For Marx, the sole axis for understanding inequality was economic class, and the 19th century middle-class culture in which he was raised did not speak openly about sexual matters. However, his friend and co-author Friedrich Engels, who wrote much on Marxist social ...

See also:

Socialism and sexual orientation, Socialism and sexual orientation - Europe, Socialism and sexual orientation - Marx and Engels, Socialism and sexual orientation - Anarchism, Socialism and sexual orientation - European Democratic Socialists, Socialism and sexual orientation - Russia, Socialism and sexual orientation - East Germany, Socialism and sexual orientation - Cuba, Socialism and sexual orientation - China, Socialism and sexual orientation - North Korea, Socialism and sexual orientation - India, Socialism and sexual orientation - Nepal, Socialism and sexual orientation - Philippines, Socialism and sexual orientation - The United States, Socialism and sexual orientation - The Middle East

Read more here: » Socialism and sexual orientation: Encyclopedia II - Socialism and sexual orientation - Europe

Socialism and sexual orientation - Marx and Engels. Nothing which Karl Marx, the principal founder of socialist theory, may have said publicly about sexual orientation has survived. For Marx, the sole axis for understanding inequality was economic class, and the 19th century middle-class culture in which he was raised did not speak openly about sexual matters. However, his friend and co-author Friedrich Engels, who wrote much on Marxist social ...

See also:

Socialism and sexual orientation, Socialism and sexual orientation - Europe, Socialism and sexual orientation - Marx and Engels, Socialism and sexual orientation - Anarchism, Socialism and sexual orientation - European Democratic Socialists, Socialism and sexual orientation - Russia, Socialism and sexual orientation - East Germany, Socialism and sexual orientation - Cuba, Socialism and sexual orientation - China, Socialism and sexual orientation - North Korea, Socialism and sexual orientation - India, Socialism and sexual orientation - Middle East, Socialism and sexual orientation - Nepal, Socialism and sexual orientation - Philippines, Socialism and sexual orientation - United States, Socialism and sexual orientation - Venezuela

Read more here: » Socialism and sexual orientation: Encyclopedia II - Socialism and sexual orientation - Europe

The term "superprofit" (extra surplus-value)was first used by Karl Marx in Das Kapital. It referred basically to above-average enterprise profits, arising in three main situations: technologically advanced firms operating at above average productivity in a competitive, growing market. under conditions of declining demand, only firms with above-average productivity would obtain the socially average profit rate; the rest would book lower profits. monopolies of resources or technologies, yielding wh ...

See also:

Superprofit, Superprofit - The origin of the concept in Marx's Capital, Superprofit - Leninist interpretation, Superprofit - Criticism of Leninist interpretation, Superprofit - Mandel's theory

Read more here: » Superprofit: Encyclopedia II - Superprofit - The origin of the concept in Marx's Capital