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Karl Marx | A Wisdom Archive on Karl Marx | | Karl Marx A selection of articles related to Karl Marx | |
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Karl Marx
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Karl Marx | | | |  Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - XenophonXenophon, writing in the fourth century BC makes a passing reference to division of labour in in his ' Cyropaedia' or Education Of Cyrus] "Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities ...
See also:Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Xenophon |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Sir William Petty Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards. Classically the workers in a shipyard would build ships as units, finishing one before starting another. But the Dutch had it organised with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships. People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later ...
See also:Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Sir William Petty |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour Statistics may help to reveal some of the dimensions of the division of labour. This example concerns the USA.
First, we can derive the basic employment categories in the USA in 2002 in approximate figures from BLS data, as follows (working our way down from the total population):
American total resident population 288 million
population (16+) 224 million
economically active population 218 million
total civilian non-institutional population (16+) 215 million
population 16-65 year ...
See also:Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Adam Smith In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a qualitative increase in productivity. His original example was the making of pins. Unlike Plato, Smith did not regard the division of labour as a consequence of human inequality but famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause. Therefore, while f ...
See also:Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Adam Smith |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Disclaimers Marx himself took care to indicate that he was only proposing a guideline to historical research (Leitfaden or Auffassung), and was not providing any substantive "theory of history" or "grand philosophy of history", let alone a "master-key to history". Numerous times, he and Engels expressed irritation with dilletante academics who sought to knock up their skimpy historical knowledge as quickly as possible into some grand theoretical system that would explain "everything" about history. To their great annoyance, the materialist outlook ...
See also:Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Disclaimers |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Modern debates In the modern world, those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorising about the division of labour are those involved in management and organisation. In view of the global extremities of the division of labour, the question is often raised about what division of labour would be most ideal, beautiful, efficient and just.
Labour hierarchy is to a great extent inevitable, simply because no one can do all tasks at once; but of course the way these hierarchies are structured can be influenced by a variety of different factors. The que ...
See also:Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Modern debates |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - The global division of labour There exist as yet few comprehensive studies of the global division of labour (an intellectual challenge for researchers), although the ILO and national statistical offices can provide plenty data on request for those game to try.
In one study, Deon Filmer estimated that 2,474 million people participated in the global non-domestic labour force in the mid-1990s. Of these around a fifth, 379 million people, worked in industry, 800 million in services, and 1,074 million in agriculture. The majority of workers in industry and services wer ...
See also:Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - The global division of labour |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Early Communism The notion of communism - the idea of a classless, stateless society based on communal ownership of property and wealth, stretches far back in Western thought long predating The Communist Manifesto. Some have even traced communist ideas back to ancient times, such as in Plato's The Republic; or (perhaps with more justification) in the life of the early Christian Church, as described in the Acts of the Apostles (see Christian communism). Other attempts to establish communistic societies ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Early Communism |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Cold War After World War II, the Soviet Union became a world superpower with its leader Joseph Stalin. This resulted in a great rivalry between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., the Cold War. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R., communism and capitalism fought for influence and power over the world and in this struggle, numerous revolutions happened around the world, in countries as diverse as Cuba, China, Korea, Vietnam and Laos.
History of communis ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Cold War |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Sociology of religion - Sociological theories of the formation of religion Main article: Development of religion
The most general sociological theory of the formation of religions so far is contained in R. Stark & W. S. Bainbridge's book "Theory of Religion". This theory is outlined roughly below:
Most religions start out their lives as cults or sects, i.e. groups in high tension with the surrounding society. Over time, they tend to either die out, or become more established, mainstream and in less tension with society. Cults are new groups with a new novel theology, while sects are attempt ...
See also:Sociology of religion, Sociology of religion - Typology of religious groups, Sociology of religion - History and relevance today, Sociology of religion - The sociological view of religion, Sociology of religion - Karl Marx, Sociology of religion - Emile Durkheim, Sociology of religion - Rodney Stark, Sociology of religion - Sociological theories of the formation of religion Read more here: » Sociology of religion: Encyclopedia II - Sociology of religion - Sociological theories of the formation of religion |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The October Revolution The 1917 October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin was the first large scale attempt to put Marxist ideas about a workers' state into practice. The new government faced counter-revolution, civil war and foreign intervention. Socialist revolution in Germany and other western countries failed and the Soviet Union was on its own. An intense period of debate and stopgap solutions ensued, war communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP). Lenin died and Joseph Stalin gradually assumed control, eliminating rivals for power. He instituted a ruthless program of industrialisation which, whi ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The October Revolution |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Psychology of religion - Other studies
Psychology of religion - William James: Personal religious experience pragmatism.
U.S. psychologist and philosopher William James (1842–1910) served as president of the American Psychological Association, and wrote one of the first psychology textbooks. In the psychology of religion, James's influence endures. His Varieties of Religious Experience is considered to be the classic work in the field, and is worth reading for anyone interested in psychology and religion. Indeed, references ...
See also:Psychology of religion, Psychology of religion - Psychoanalytical studies, Psychology of religion - Sigmund Freud: Oedipus complex illusion, Psychology of religion - Carl Jung: Universal archetypes, Psychology of religion - Erich Fromm: Desire need for stable frame, Psychology of religion - Other studies, Psychology of religion - William James: Personal religious experience pragmatism, Psychology of religion - Alfred Adler: Feeling of inferiority perfection, Psychology of religion - Ludwig Feuerbach: Imagination wishes fear of death, Psychology of religion - Gordon Allport: Mature and immature religion, Psychology of religion - Erik H. Erikson: Influence on personality development, Psychology of religion - Rudolf Otto: Non-rational experience, Psychology of religion - Psychometric approaches to religion, Psychology of religion - Developmental approaches to religion, Psychology of religion - Religion and coping with stress, Psychology of religion - Evolutionary psychology of religion, Psychology of religion - Religion and drugs, Psychology of religion - Karl Marx: Religion as opium of the people, Psychology of religion - James H. Leuba: Mystical experience and drugs, Psychology of religion - Drug-induced religious experiences, Psychology of religion - The effects of meditation, Psychology of religion - Links Read more here: » Psychology of religion: Encyclopedia II - Psychology of religion - Other studies |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Communism Today After the fall of the Communist states in the Eastern Bloc, the communist movement arguably became more fragmented than ever, and certainly weaker than it has ever been since 1917. Communist groups and parties all across the world went their separate paths. However, Communism has survived the fall of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc.
Out of the five remaining communist states, China, Vietnam, and Laos have moved toward market economies but without major privatization of the state sector; and Cuba has recently emerged from the cri ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Communism Today |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Stalin Era At the Fifteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, Stalin attacked the left by expelling Trotsky and his supporters from the party and then moving against the right by abandoning Lenin's New Economic Policy which had been championed by Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Ivanovich Rykov. Warning delegates of an impending capitalist encirclement, he stressed that survival and development could only occur by pursuing the rapid development of heavy industry. Stalin remarked that the Soviet Union was "fifty to a hundr ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Stalin Era |
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| | | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union When Mikhail Gorbachev, the youngest member of the Soviet Politburo, was elected General-Secretary in March 1985, it signalled a generational change in the Eastern bloc. In an attempt to revitalize the stagnating Communist Party and the state economy, Gorbachev introduced reforms such as glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring"). Gorbachev believed that democratization would remove corrupt and incompetent apparatchiks from the Soviet system, but instead, a significant number of Communist Party opponents rose to pr ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Dialectical materialism - Materialism In essence, materialism answers the fundamental question of philosophy by asserting the primacy of the material world: in short, matter precedes thought.
Materialism holds that the world is material, that all phenomena in the universe consist of matter in motion, wherein all things are interdependent and interconnected and develop in accordance with natural law, that the world exists outside us and independently of our perception of it, that thought is a reflection of the material world in the brain, and that the world is in princi ...
See also:Dialectical materialism, Dialectical materialism - Materialism, Dialectical materialism - Dialectics, Dialectical materialism - Laws of dialectics, Dialectical materialism - Quotation, Dialectical materialism - Selected readings on dialectical materialism Read more here: » Dialectical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Dialectical materialism - Materialism |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Psychology of religion - Psychoanalytical studies
Psychology of religion - Sigmund Freud: Oedipus complex illusion.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) gave explanations of the genesis of religion in his various writings. In Totem and Taboo, he applied the idea of the Oedipus complex (involving unresolved sexual feelings of, for example, a son toward his mother and hostility toward his father) and postulated its emergence in the primordial stage of human development.
In Moses and Monotheism, Freud reconstructed biblical history in accord with his ge ...
See also:Psychology of religion, Psychology of religion - Psychoanalytical studies, Psychology of religion - Sigmund Freud: Oedipus complex illusion, Psychology of religion - Carl Jung: Universal archetypes, Psychology of religion - Erich Fromm: Desire need for stable frame, Psychology of religion - Other studies, Psychology of religion - William James: Personal religious experience pragmatism, Psychology of religion - Alfred Adler: Feeling of inferiority perfection, Psychology of religion - Ludwig Feuerbach: Imagination wishes fear of death, Psychology of religion - Gordon Allport: Mature and immature religion, Psychology of religion - Erik H. Erikson: Influence on personality development, Psychology of religion - Rudolf Otto: Non-rational experience, Psychology of religion - Psychometric approaches to religion, Psychology of religion - Developmental approaches to religion, Psychology of religion - Religion and coping with stress, Psychology of religion - Evolutionary psychology of religion, Psychology of religion - Religion and drugs, Psychology of religion - Karl Marx: Religion as opium of the people, Psychology of religion - James H. Leuba: Mystical experience and drugs, Psychology of religion - Drug-induced religious experiences, Psychology of religion - The effects of meditation, Psychology of religion - Links Read more here: » Psychology of religion: Encyclopedia II - Psychology of religion - Psychoanalytical studies |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism http://marxmyths.org/jordan/article.htm
Gustav A. Wetter, Dialectical Materialism: a Historical and Systematic Survey of Philosophy in the Soviet Union. (alternative survey)
Loren R. Graham, Science Philosophy and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union. (sympathetically-critical of dialectical materialism)
George Novack, Understanding History: Marxist Essays (Trotskyist interpretations of problems of history)
http://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/index.htm
H. B. Acton, The Illusion of th ...
See also:Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Note Brill publishers of Leyden publish a journal called "Historical Materialism" which explores different strands of theory in the tradition of Marx, Engels and the Western Marxists.
A variety of myths and lies about Marx's thought are refuted on this site: http://marxmyths.org/index.shtml
An extensive bibliography of modern commentaries on Marx's thought is available here: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/sefd0/bib/marx.htm
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See also:Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Note |
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| | | | | Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield In Das Kapital, Marx took from Edward Gibbon Wakefield's work the example of an emigré to Australia, to illustrate the concept of relations of production:
"...Wakefield discovered that in the Colonies, property in money, means of subsistence, machines, and other means of production, does not as yet stamp a man as a capitalist if there be wanting the correlative — the wage-worker, the other man who is compelled to sell himself of his own free-will. He discovered that capital is not a thing, but a social relation between persons, est ...
See also:Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield |
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