Encyclopedia - Karl Marx: Encyclopedia Ii - Karl Marx - Marx's Influence
See also: Marxism Marx and Engels' work covers a wide range of topics and presents a complex analysis of history and society in terms of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karl Marx: Encyclopedia Ii - Karl Marx - Biography
Karl Marx - Early life. Karl Marx was born into a progressive and wealthy Jewish family in Trier, Prussia. His father Herschel, descend...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karl Marx: Encyclopedia Ii - Karl Marx - Criticisms
Many proponents of capitalism have argued that capitalism is a more effective means of generating and redistributing wealth than socialis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Karl Marx
Increasing specialization may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. This viewpoint was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Theory Of Capitalism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Theory Of Capitalism - Karl Marx
It is generally considered that the most thorough and enduring critique of the results of capitalism was the one formulated by Karl Marx....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science. It refers to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of le...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociology Of Religion: Encyclopedia - Sociology Of Religion
The sociology of religion is – among other elements – the study of the practices, social structures, historical backgrounds, developm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Verdict Of Twelve: Encyclopedia - Verdict Of Twelve
Verdict of Twelve is a novel by Raymond Postgate first published in 1940 about a trial by jury seen through the eyes of each of the twelv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treatise: Encyclopedia - Treatise
A treatise is a systematic analysis of a certain subject. Famous treatises have been written by philosophers including Sun Tzu, Aristotle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lumpenproletariat: Encyclopedia - Lumpenproletariat
The lumpenproletariat (German Lumpenproletariat, "rabble-proletariat") is a term originally defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Commodity Fetishism: Encyclopedia - Commodity Fetishism
In Marxist theory, commodity fetishism is an inauthentic state of social relations, said to arise in complex capitalist market systems, w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Das Kapital: Encyclopedia - Das Kapital
Das Kapital ("Capital") is a very large treatise of political economy written by Karl Marx in German. The book is a critical analysis of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyclical Pattern: Encyclopedia - Cyclical Pattern
Historians from Polybius to Giambattista Vico and Karl Marx have entertained the notion that history moves in definite cycles. Polybius r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crisis Economic: Encyclopedia - Crisis Economic
In economics, crisis is an old term in business cycle theory, referring to the sharp transition to a recession. It is still used as part ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the presti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bad Kreuznach: Encyclopedia - Bad Kreuznach
Bad Kreuznach is the capital of Bad Kreuznach (district), Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. It is located on the Nahe River, a tributary of the R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemnitz: Encyclopedia - Chemnitz
Chemnitz (Sorbian/Lusatian Kamjenica, formerly called Karl-Marx-Stadt) is a city in Saxony, Germany. It is located in the northern foothi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utopian Socialism: Encyclopedia - Utopian Socialism
Utopian Socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern Socialist thought. Utopian socialists never actually used this na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Austromarxism: Encyclopedia - Austromarxism
Austromarxism was the left-socialist ideology pursued by the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria during the late decades of the A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Bureaucracy - Karl Marx And Bureaucracy
In Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism, the historical origin of bureaucracy is to be found in four sources: religion, the forma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto
Although Marx addressed a wide range of issues, he is most famous for his analysis of history in terms of class struggle, summed up in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Engels: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Engels - Biography
Engels was born in Barmen-Elberfeld (now Wuppertal), the eldest son of a successful German textile industrialist. As a young man, his fat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Determinism: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Determinism - Criticism Of The Concept
Other Marxists and Marx-scholars - including György Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Maurice Godelier, Franz Jakubowski, Edwar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Theory Of Capitalism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Theory Of Capitalism - Adam Smith
The first theorist of what we commonly refer to as capitalism is usually considered to be Adam Smith. His 1776 work, An Inquiry into the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Morrill Tariff: Encyclopedia Ii - Morrill Tariff - Relation To The Secession Controversy
The Morrill tariff was compared to and even higher than the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had led to the 1832 Nullification Crisis. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociology Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociology Of Religion - The Sociological View Of Religion
Durkheim, Marx, and Weber had very complex and developed theories about the nature and effects of religion. Durkheim and Weber specifical...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Theory Of Capitalism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Theory Of Capitalism - Historical Development
During the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there was a gradual movement in Europe and in the states that Europeans had...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Bureaucracy - Criticism
As Max Weber himself noted, in reality no ideal type organisation can exist. Thus the real bureaucracy will be less optimal and effective...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Bureaucracy - Origin Of The Concept
Bureaucracy is derived from the word bureau, used from the early 18th century in Western Europe not just to refer to a writing desk, but ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Bureaucracy - Max Weber On Bureaucracy
Max Weber has probably been one of the most influential users of the word in its social science sense. He is well-known for his study of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Marshall Berman: Encyclopedia Ii - Marshall Berman - Modernity And Modernism
During the mid- to late-20th century philosophical discourse focused on issues of modernity and cultural attitudes and philosophies towar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociology Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociology Of Religion - History And Relevance Today
The classical, seminal sociological theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century were greatly interested in religion and its effects...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformism - Reformism In The United Kingdom's Labour Party
The term was applied to elements within the United Kingdom Labour Party in the 1950s and subsequently, on the party's right. Anthony Cros...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Morrill Tariff: Encyclopedia Ii - Morrill Tariff - Impact
The immediate effect of the Morrill Tariff was to more than double the tax collected on most dutiable items entering the United States. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Morrill Tariff: Encyclopedia Ii - Morrill Tariff - Morrill's Own Objectives
According to historian Heather Cox Richardson, Morrill intended to offer protection to both the usual manufacturing recipients and a broa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Morrill Tariff: Encyclopedia Ii - Morrill Tariff - Background
Frank Taussig, whose work "The Tariff History of the United States" is recognized as the foremost authority on the subject wrote: "In 185...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Von Mises And Globalisation
On the other hand, Marx's theories, including the negative claims regarding the division of labour have been criticized by the Austrian e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Some Useful Sociological References
Stephanie Coontz & Peta Henderson, Women's Work, Men's Property: The Origins of Gender and Class. Ali Rattansi, Marx and the Division...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Plato
In Plato's Republic we are instructed that the origin of the state lies in that "natural" inequality of humanity that is embodied in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dialectical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Dialectical Materialism - Dialectics
Dialectics is the science of the most general laws of development of nature, society, and thought. Its principal features are as follows:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Psychology Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Psychology Of Religion - Religion And Drugs
Psychology of religion - Karl Marx: Religion as opium of the people. Karl Marx famously asserted religion to be "the opium of people" (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Xenophon
Xenophon, writing in the fourth century BC makes a passing reference to division of labour in in his ' Cyropaedia' or Education Of Cyrus]...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Sir William Petty
Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Us 2002 Estimates For The Division Of Labour
Statistics may help to reveal some of the dimensions of the division of labour. This example concerns the USA. First, we can derive the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Adam Smith
In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Disclaimers
Marx himself took care to indicate that he was only proposing a guideline to historical research (Leitfaden or Auffassung), and was not p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Modern Debates
In the modern world, those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorising about the division of labour are those involved in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - The Global Division Of Labour
There exist as yet few comprehensive studies of the global division of labour (an intellectual challenge for researchers), although the I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - Early Communism
The notion of communism - the idea of a classless, stateless society based on communal ownership of property and wealth, stretches far ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - The Cold War
After World War II, the Soviet Union became a world superpower with its leader Joseph Stalin. This resulted in a great rivalry between th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociology Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociology Of Religion - Sociological Theories Of The Formation Of Religion
Main article: Development of religion The most general sociological theory of the formation of religions so far is contained in R. Stark ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - The October Revolution
The 1917 October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin was the first large scale attempt to put Marxist ideas about a workers' state into pra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Psychology Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Psychology Of Religion - Other Studies
Psychology of religion - William James: Personal religious experience pragmatism. U.S. psychologist and philosopher William James (1842...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - Communism Today
After the fall of the Communist states in the Eastern Bloc, the communist movement arguably became more fragmented than ever, and certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - The Stalin Era
At the Fifteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, Stalin attacked the left by expelling Trotsky and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Verdict Of Twelve: Encyclopedia Ii - Verdict Of Twelve - The Case
Rosalia van Beer is a widowed, childless woman who gets into money when all the relatives of her late husband unexpectedly die in a plane...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Communism - The Collapse Of The Soviet Union
When Mikhail Gorbachev, the youngest member of the Soviet Politburo, was elected General-Secretary in March 1985, it signalled a generati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dialectical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Dialectical Materialism - Materialism
In essence, materialism answers the fundamental question of philosophy by asserting the primacy of the material world: in short, matter p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Psychology Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Psychology Of Religion - Psychoanalytical Studies
Psychology of religion - Sigmund Freud: Oedipus complex illusion. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) gave explanations of the genesis of relig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Commentaries On Different Aspects Of Historical And Dialectical Materialism
http://marxmyths.org/jordan/article.htm Gustav A. Wetter, Dialectical Materialism: a Historical and Systematic Survey of Philosophy in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Note
Brill publishers of Leyden publish a journal called "Historical Materialism" which explores different strands of theory in the tradition ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Marx And Wakefield
In Das Kapital, Marx took from Edward Gibbon Wakefield's work the example of an emigré to Australia, to illustrate the concept of relati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Verdict Of Twelve: Encyclopedia Ii - Verdict Of Twelve - The Jury
The ten men and two women who have been picked randomly to do jury service are: an unmarried middle-aged journalist; a young left-wing i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Historical Materialism As Doctrine
Nevertheless, at least from the 1870s the pressure towards the doctrinalisation of Marx's interpretation of history became increasingly s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Development Of The Materialist Outlook
Marx and Friedrich Engels first developed their outlook on the dynamics of history as young men, in a series of early critiques of the id...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Marxist Beliefs About History
According to Marxist theorists, history develops in accordance with the following observations: Social progress is driven by progress in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Materialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Materialism - Criticisms
The main serious objection advanced by the critics of Marxism and of historical materialism is that as soon as Marxists really begin to s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Debt Bondage: Encyclopedia Ii - Debt Bondage - Modern Views
According to Anti-Slavery International, "A person enters debt bondage when their labor is demanded as a means of repayment of a loan, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productivity Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Productivity Economics - Marx On Productivity
In Karl Marx's labour theory of value, the concept of capital productivity is rejected as an instance of reification, and replaced with t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Debt Bondage: Encyclopedia Ii - Debt Bondage - Historical Background To Bonded Labor
Prior to the early modern age, feudal and serfdom systems were the predominant political and economic systems in Europe. These systems we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Debt Bondage: Encyclopedia Ii - Debt Bondage - Historical Peonage
Peonage means an unfree labor system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full. Those bound by such a syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Capital: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Capital - Human Capital And Labor-power
In some way, the idea of "human capital" is similar to Karl Marx's concept of labor-power: to him, under capitalism workers had to sell t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trier: Encyclopedia Ii - Trier - Miscellaneous
Trier is the oldest seat of a Christian bishop in Germany. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop of Trier was an important ecclesiastical pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Social Progress: Encyclopedia Ii - Social Progress - Marx's Radicalism
This trend of thinking is powerfully developed in the thought of Karl Marx (a student of Hegel's thought) and his secular historical mate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Debt Bondage: Encyclopedia Ii - Debt Bondage - Historical Peonage
Peonage is a system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full. Those bound by such a system are known, in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Marxian Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Marxian Economics - Current Theorizing In Marxian Economics
Marxian economics has been built upon by many others, beginning almost at the moment of Marx's death. The second and third volumes of Das...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Religion: Parapsychology Dictionary On Religion
Religion: A set of beliefs, including rituals and theological doctrines propounding the glory of the Supremme Spirit (God). 'The opiu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Thought
Althusser's earlier works include the influential volume Reading Capital, which collects the work of Althusser and his students on an int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Marxist Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Marxist Philosophy - Marxism And Philosophy
The philosopher Étienne Balibar wrote in a 1993 introductory text that "there is no Marxist philosophy and there never will be; on the o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive Forces: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive Forces - Productive Forces And Labor
Karl Marx emphasized that, with few exceptions, means of production are not a productive force unless they are actually operated, maintai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Relations Of Production: Encyclopedia Ii - Relations Of Production - Social/technical Distinction And Reification
Combined with the productive forces, the relations of production constitute a historically specific mode of production. Karl Marx contras...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociology Of Knowledge: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociology Of Knowledge - Schools
Sociology of knowledge - Karl Mannheim. The German political philosophers Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socialism And Sexual Orientation: Encyclopedia Ii - Socialism And Sexual Orientation - Europe
Socialism and sexual orientation - Marx and Engels. Nothing which Karl Marx, the principal founder of socialist theory, may have said p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socialism And Sexual Orientation: Encyclopedia Ii - Socialism And Sexual Orientation - Europe
Socialism and sexual orientation - Marx and Engels. Nothing which Karl Marx, the principal founder of socialist theory, may have said p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superprofit: Encyclopedia Ii - Superprofit - The Origin Of The Concept In Marx's Capital
The term "superprofit" (extra surplus-value)was first used by Karl Marx in Das Kapital. It referred basically to above-average enterprise...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grutas Park: Encyclopedia Ii - Grutas Park - Exposition
The exposition has statues divided into groups of different spheres. Each statue is accompanied by information stand, containing informat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bourgeoisie: Encyclopedia Ii - Bourgeoisie - The Marxist View
Arguably one of the most influential of the aforementioned criticisms came from Karl Marx, who attacked bourgeois political theory and it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Value Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Value Theory - Sociology
In sociology, value theory is concerned with personal values which are popularly held by a community, and how those values might change u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Labor Theory Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Labor Theory Of Value - The Justification Of The Theory
Contrary to popular belief, the LTV does not deny the role of supply and demand influencing price. In Value, Price and Profit (1865), Kar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Workingmen's Association: Encyclopedia Ii - International Workingmen's Association - An Alliance Of Diverse Groups Founded In 1864
The International Workingmen's Association, at its founding, was an alliance of diverse groups, including French Mutualists, Blanquists, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Value Added: Encyclopedia Ii - Value Added - Marxian Interpretation
Karl Marx's concept of the value product is similar to the national accounting concept of net national product, or net value added. It is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Social: Encyclopedia Ii - Social - Social Theorists
In the view of Karl Marx, human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who - beyond being "gregarious crea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Primitive Accumulation Of Capital: Encyclopedia Ii - Primitive Accumulation Of Capital - Schumpeter's Critique Of Marx's Theory
The economist Joseph Schumpeter believed that the truth was that Karl Marx could not explain the origin of capital at all. He wrote: "[Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Analytical Marxism: Encyclopedia Ii - Analytical Marxism - Beginnings
Analytical Marxism is usually understood to have taken off with the publication of G. A. Cohen's Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Accumulation - Marxian Economics
In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, the law of accumulation refers to the way in which the accumulation of capital necessarily ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Market: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Market - Practice
While the free-market is an idealized abstraction, it is useful in understanding real markets whether artificially created and regulated ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - János Kornai: Encyclopedia Ii - János Kornai - Biography
Professor Kornai studied on Karl Marx University of Economics, in Budapest and holds a 'candidate' degree from the Hungarian Academy of S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Marx's Critique
Karl Marx regarded land and labour as the source of all wealth, and distinguished between material wealth and human wealth. Human wealth ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Katarina Witt: Encyclopedia Ii - Katarina Witt - Biography
Witt was born on December 3, 1965 in Staaken (today part of Berlin, Germany/GDR). She went to school in Karl-Marx-Stadt (which today has ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Imperialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Imperialism - Marxist Theory Of Imperialism
Karl Marx never published a theory of imperialism, although he referred to colonialism in Das Kapital as an aspect of the prehistory of t...   » Read the article