See also: Marxism Marx and Engels' work covers a wide range of topics and presents a complex analysis of history and society in terms of class relations. Followers of Marx and Engels have drawn on this work to propose a political and economic philosophy dubbed Marxism. Nevertheless, there have been numerous debates among Marxists over how to interpret Marx's writings and how to apply his concepts to current events and conditions (and it is important to distinguish between "Marxism" and "what Marx believed"; for example, shortly ...

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Karl Marx, Karl Marx - Biography, Karl Marx - Early life, Karl Marx - Education, Karl Marx - Career, Karl Marx - Family life, Karl Marx - Later life, Karl Marx - Influences on Marx's thought, Karl Marx - Marx's philosophy, Karl Marx - Critique of capitalism, Karl Marx - Critique of bourgeois democracy and of anti-Semitism, Karl Marx - Marx's influence, Karl Marx - Criticisms

Read more here: » Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Karl Marx - Marx's influence

See also:

Karl Marx, Karl Marx - Biography, Karl Marx - Early life, Karl Marx - Education, Karl Marx - Career, Karl Marx - Family life, Karl Marx - Later life, Karl Marx - Influences on Marx's thought, Karl Marx - Marx's philosophy, Karl Marx - Critique of capitalism, Karl Marx - Critique of bourgeois democracy and of anti-Semitism, Karl Marx - Marx's influence, Karl Marx - Criticisms

Read more here: » Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Karl Marx - Biography

Many proponents of capitalism have argued that capitalism is a more effective means of generating and redistributing wealth than socialism or communism, or that the gulf between rich and poor that concerned Marx and Engels was a temporary phenomenon. Some suggest that greed and the need to acquire capital is an inherent component of human behavior, and is not caused by the adoption of capitalism or any other specific economic system (although economic anthropologists have questioned this assertion) and that different economic systems reflect ...

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Karl Marx, Karl Marx - Biography, Karl Marx - Early life, Karl Marx - Education, Karl Marx - Career, Karl Marx - Family life, Karl Marx - Later life, Karl Marx - Influences on Marx's thought, Karl Marx - Marx's philosophy, Karl Marx - Critique of capitalism, Karl Marx - Critique of bourgeois democracy and of anti-Semitism, Karl Marx - Marx's influence, Karl Marx - Criticisms

Read more here: » Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Karl Marx - Criticisms

Increasing specialization may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. This viewpoint was extended and refined by Karl Marx. He described the process as alienation; workers become more and more specialized and work repetitious which eventually leads to complete alienation. Marx wrote that "with this division of labour", the worker is "depressed spiritually and physically to the condition of a machine". He believed that the fullness of production is essential to human liberation and accepted the idea of a strict division of l ...

See also:

Division of labour, Division of labour - Plato, Division of labour - Xenophon, Division of labour - Sir William Petty, Division of labour - Adam Smith, Division of labour - Karl Marx, Division of labour - Durkheim, Division of labour - Von Mises and globalisation, Division of labour - Modern debates, Division of labour - US 2002 estimates for the division of labour, Division of labour - The global division of labour, Division of labour - Some useful sociological references

Read more here: » Division of labour: Encyclopedia II - Division of labour - Karl Marx

It is generally considered that the most thorough and enduring critique of the results of capitalism was the one formulated by Karl Marx. According to Marx, the treatment of labor as a commodity led to people valuing things more in terms of their price rather than their usefulness (see commodity fetishism), and hence to an expansion of the system of commodities. Marx observed that some people bought commodities in order to use them, while others bought them in order to sell them on at a profit. Much of the history of late capitalism involves ...

See also:

History of theory of capitalism, History of theory of capitalism - Overview, History of theory of capitalism - Adam Smith, History of theory of capitalism - Karl Marx, History of theory of capitalism - Historical development, History of theory of capitalism - Capitalism and imperialism

Read more here: » History of theory of capitalism: Encyclopedia II - History of theory of capitalism - Karl Marx

Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science. It refers to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules is socially organized. This office organization is characterized by regularized procedure, formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. Examples of everyday bureaucracies include governments, armed forces, corporations, hospitals, courts, ministries, or schools. Bureaucracy - Origin of the concept. Bureaucracy is derived from ...

Including:

• Bureaucracy - Origin of the concept
• Bureaucracy - Karl Marx and bureaucracy
• Bureaucracy - Max Weber on bureaucracy
• Bureaucracy - Criticism

Read more here: » Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia - Bureaucracy

The sociology of religion is – among other elements – the study of the practices, social structures, historical backgrounds, development, universal themes, and roles of religion in society. There is particular emphasis on the reoccurring role of religion in nearly all societies on Earth today and recorded throughout history. Sociologists of religion attempt to explain the effects that society has on religion and the effects that religion has on society; in other words, their dialectical relationship. Sociology of rel ...

Including:

• Sociology of religion - Typology of religious groups
• Sociology of religion - History and relevance today
• Sociology of religion - The sociological view of religion
• Sociology of religion - Karl Marx
• Sociology of religion - Emile Durkheim
• Sociology of religion - Rodney Stark
• Sociology of religion - Sociological theories of the formation of religion

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Verdict of Twelve is a novel by Raymond Postgate first published in 1940 about a trial by jury seen through the eyes of each of the twelve jurors as they listen to the evidence and try to reach a unanimous verdict of either “Guilty” or “Not guilty”. Verdict of Twelve is set in England in the late 1930s (Hitler, Nazism and in particular anti-Semitism are referred to several times). Up to the final pages of the novel, till after the trial is over, the reader does not know if the defendant—a mid ...

Including:

• Verdict of Twelve - The case
• Verdict of Twelve - The jury
• Verdict of Twelve - Read on

Read more here: » Verdict of Twelve: Encyclopedia - Verdict of Twelve

A treatise is a systematic analysis of a certain subject. Famous treatises have been written by philosophers including Sun Tzu, Aristotle, Locke, David Hume, Rene Descartes, William Godwin, Karl Marx, and others. A number of theologians have also written treatises on certain aspects of faith. Other related archivesAristotle, David Hume, Karl Marx, Locke, Rene Descartes, Sun Tzu, William Godwin, faith, theologians

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The lumpenproletariat (German Lumpenproletariat, "rabble-proletariat") is a term originally defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The German Ideology (1845), their famous second joint work, and later expounded upon in future works by Marx. In Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), the term refers to the 'refuse of all classes,' including 'swindlers, confidence tricksters, brothel-keepers, rag-and-bone merchants, ...

Including:

• Lumpenproletariat - Used as a perjorative

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In Marxist theory, commodity fetishism is an inauthentic state of social relations, said to arise in complex capitalist market systems, where social relationships are confused with their medium, the commodity. The term is introduced in the opening chapter of Karl Marx's main work of political economy, Capital, (1867). Marx's use of the term fetish can be interpreted as an ironic comment on the 'rational', 'scientific' mindset of industrial capitalist societies. In Marx's day, the word was primarily used in the study of p ...

Including:

• Commodity fetishism - Marx's argument
• Commodity fetishism - After Marx
• Commodity fetishism - External link

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Das Kapital ("Capital") is a very large treatise of political economy written by Karl Marx in German. The book is a critical analysis of capitalism, its economic practices and the theories which economists made about it. As noted by S. S. Prawer in "Karl Marx and World Literature" (1978), it has not only scientific but also important literary merits. Marx bases his work on that of the classical economists like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and even Benjamin Franklin. However, he reworks these authors' ideas ...

Including:

• Das Kapital - Online editions

Read more here: » Das Kapital: Encyclopedia - Das Kapital

Historians from Polybius to Giambattista Vico and Karl Marx have entertained the notion that history moves in definite cycles. Polybius referred to political cycles, Vico believed in a three cycle-pattern based on divine intervention, and Marx believed in an economic viewpoint for history. Fomenko's new chronology claim that this is due to historical records which describe same events being misdated in different time periods. See also. cycles, Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, Savitri Devi, Social cycle theor ...

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In economics, crisis is an old term in business cycle theory, referring to the sharp transition to a recession. It is still used as part of Marxist political economy. It refers to a period in which the normal process of the reproduction of an economic process over time suffers from a temporary breakdown. This crisis period encourages intensified class conflict or societal change -- or the revival of a more normal accumulation process. Many or most observers of Karl Marx's theoretical work argue that Marx himself did not come to ...

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Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. He was a leading academic proponent of the French Communist Party and his arguments were a response to multiple threats to the ideological foundations of that socialist project. These included both the threat from an empiricism which was beginning to invade Marxist sociology and economics, and a threa ...

Including:

• Louis Althusser - Biographical information
• Louis Althusser - Early Life
• Louis Althusser - Health
• Louis Althusser - Post-War
• Louis Althusser - 1980s
• Louis Althusser - Thought
• Louis Althusser - The 'Epistemological Break'
• Louis Althusser - Practices
• Louis Althusser - Contradiction and Overdetermination
• Louis Althusser - Ideological State Apparatuses
• Louis Althusser - Influence

Read more here: » Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser

Bad Kreuznach is the capital of Bad Kreuznach (district), Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. It is located on the Nahe River, a tributary of the Rhine. As of 2005, the current mayor of Bad Kreuznach is Andreas Ludwig from the CDU (Christian Democratic Union), who won the municipal election of March 30, 2003. Bad Kreuznach - Tourist attractions. The town of Bad Kreuznach is the home of the following tourist attractions: The Pauluskirche, or St. Paul's Church, where Karl Marx was married (t ...

Including:

• Bad Kreuznach - Tourist attractions

Read more here: » Bad Kreuznach: Encyclopedia - Bad Kreuznach

Chemnitz (Sorbian/Lusatian Kamjenica, formerly called Karl-Marx-Stadt) is a city in Saxony, Germany. It is located in the northern foothills of the Ore Mountains. The city has a population of 248,021 (31 March 2005), and an area of 220.8 square kilometres. The city is the third largest in Saxony. It is named after the Chemnitz River, a small tributary of the Zwickauer Mulde River. The word "Chemnitz" is from the Sorbian language and means "stony brook". In German, "Chemnitz" is pronounced: IPA [Including:

• Chemnitz - History
• Chemnitz - Sights
• Chemnitz - Urban Renewal
• Chemnitz - Twin cities

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Utopian Socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern Socialist thought. Utopian socialists never actually used this name to describe themselves; the term "utopian socialism" was introduced by Karl Marx and used by later socialist thinkers, to describe early socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical visions of perfect egalitarian and communalist societies without actually concerning themselves with the manner ...

Including:

• Utopian socialism - Major Thinkers
• Utopian socialism - Utopian Socialism in Modern Culture

Read more here: » Utopian socialism: Encyclopedia - Utopian socialism

Austromarxism was the left-socialist ideology pursued by the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria during the late decades of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Austrian First Republic (1918-1934). Leading proponents were Victor Adler, Otto Bauer, Karl Renner and Max Adler. The Austromarxist group congregated from 1904 around magazines such as the Blätter zur Theorie und Politik des wissenschaftlichen Sozialismus and the Marx-Studien. Far from being a homogenous movement it was a home for such differing thinkers and politicians as the Neokantian M ...

Read more here: » Austromarxism: Encyclopedia - Austromarxism

In Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism, the historical origin of bureaucracy is to be found in four sources: religion, the formation of the state, commerce and technology. Thus, the earliest bureaucracies consisted of castes of religious clergy, officials and scribes operating various rituals, and armed functionaries specifically delegated to keep order. In the historical transition from primitive egalitarian communities to a civil society divided into social classes and estates, occurring about 10,000 years ago ...

See also:

Bureaucracy, Bureaucracy - Origin of the concept, Bureaucracy - Karl Marx and bureaucracy, Bureaucracy - Max Weber on bureaucracy, Bureaucracy - Criticism

Read more here: » Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia II - Bureaucracy - Karl Marx and bureaucracy