By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. Between 1376 and 1400, six mais reigned, but Bulala invaders (from the area around Lake Fitri to the east) killed five of them. This proliferation of mais resulted in numerous claimants to the throne and led to a series of internecine wars. Finally, around 1396 the Bulala forced Mai Umar Idrismi to abandon Njimi and move the Kanembu people to Bornu on the western edge of Lake Chad. Over time, the intermarriage of the Kanembu and Bo ...

See also:

Kanem-Bornu Empire, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Origins, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Mai Dunama Dabbalemi, Kanem-Bornu Empire - From Kanem to Bornu, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Decline and fall

Read more here: » Kanem-Bornu Empire: Encyclopedia II - Kanem-Bornu Empire - From Kanem to Bornu

See also:

Kanem-Bornu Empire, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Origins, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Mai Dunama Dabbalemi, Kanem-Bornu Empire - From Kanem to Bornu, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Decline and fall

Read more here: » Kanem-Bornu Empire: Encyclopedia II - Kanem-Bornu Empire - Origins

The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Aluma sustained the empire until the mid-1600s, when its power began to fade. By the late 1700s, Bornu rule extended only westward, into the land of the Hausa. Around that time, Fulani people, invading from the west, were able to make major inroads into Bornu. By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu. Usman dan Fodio led the Fulani thrust and proclaimed a jihad (holy war) on the irreligious Muslims of the are ...

See also:

Kanem-Bornu Empire, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Origins, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Mai Dunama Dabbalemi, Kanem-Bornu Empire - From Kanem to Bornu, Kanem-Bornu Empire - Decline and fall

Read more here: » Kanem-Bornu Empire: Encyclopedia II - Kanem-Bornu Empire - Decline and fall

The population of the region was 280,804 in 1993, of whom 269,846 were settled (rural:239, 104; urban: 30,742) and 10,956 were nomads. The principal ethnico-linguistic groups are the Daza (48,25 %), the Kanembou (40,54 %) and Arabs (4,97 %). ...

See also:

Kanem region, Kanem region - Subdivisions, Kanem region - Demography

Read more here: » Kanem region: Encyclopedia II - Kanem region - Demography

Internal dissent within the government led the Prime Minister Habré to send his forces against Malloum's national army in the capital in February 1979. Malloum was ousted from the presidency, but the resulting civil war amongst the 11 emergent factions was so widespread that it rendered the central government largely irrelevant. At that point, other African governments decided to intervene. A series of four international conferences held first under Nigerian and then Organization of African Unity (OAU) sponsorship attempted to bring ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82

1200 - Events. University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France the Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed 1200 - Births. Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died 1278) Adam Marsh, English Franciscan (approximate date; died 1259) John ...

Including:

1200 - Events 1200 - Births 1200 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1200: Encyclopedia - 1200

Libya's partial withdrawal to the Aozou Strip in northern Chad cleared the way for Habré's forces to enter N’Djamena in June. French troops and an OAU peacekeeping force of 3,500 Nigerian, Senegalese, and Zairian troops (partially funded by the United States) remained neutral during the conflict. Habré continued to face armed opposition on various fronts, and was brutal in his repression of suspected opponents, massacring and torturing many during his rule. In the summer of 1983, GUNT forces launched an offensive against governmen ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90

However, rivalry between Hadjerai, Zaghawa and Gorane groups within the government grew in the late 1980s. In April 1989, Idriss Déby, one of Habre's leading generals and a Zaghawa, defected and fled to Darfur in Sudan, from which he mounted a Zaghawa-supported series of attacks on Habré (a Gorane). In December 1990, with Libyan assistance and no opposition from French troops stationed in Chad, Déby’s forces successfully marched on N’Djamena. After 3 months of provisional government, Déby’s Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) approved a national chart ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - The Déby Era

The Chadian-Sudanese War officially started on December 23, 2005, when the government of Chad declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the "common enemy," which the Chadian government sees as the Rally for Democracy and Liberty (RDL) militants, Chadian rebels, backed by the Sudanese government, and Sudanese militiamen. Militants have attacked villages and towns in eastern Chad, stealing cattle, murdering citizens, and burning houses. Over 200,000 refugees from the Darfur region of ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Hausa language - Glottalized Consonants. Hausa has glottalic consonants at four or five places of articulation (depending on the dialect), which are not represented in the standard Latin alphabet. They require movement of the glottis during pronunciation and have a staccato sound. Each of these is similar to an English consonant and therefore they are written as modified versions of Latin letters. They can also be denoted with an apostrophe, either before or after depending on the letter, as shown below. See ...

See also:

Hausa language, Hausa language - Classification, Hausa language - Geographic distribution, Hausa language - Official status, Hausa language - Dialects, Hausa language - Derived languages, Hausa language - Sounds, Hausa language - Glottalized Consonants, Hausa language - Tones, Hausa language - Writing system

Read more here: » Hausa language: Encyclopedia II - Hausa language - Sounds

Native speakers of Hausa are mostly to be found in the African country of Niger and in the north of Nigeria, but the language is widely used as a lingua franca (similar to Swahili in East Africa) in a much larger swathe of West Africa, particularly amongst Muslims. Hausa language - Official status. Hausa is an official language in the north of Nigeria. Hausa language - Dialects. Eastern Hausa dialects include Kano, Katagum and Hadejiya. Western Hausa dialects include Sok ...

See also:

Hausa language, Hausa language - Classification, Hausa language - Geographic distribution, Hausa language - Official status, Hausa language - Dialects, Hausa language - Derived languages, Hausa language - Sounds, Hausa language - Glottalized Consonants, Hausa language - Tones, Hausa language - Writing system

Read more here: » Hausa language: Encyclopedia II - Hausa language - Geographic distribution

Toward the end of the 1st millennium AD, the formation of states began across central Chad in the sahelian zone between the desert and the savanna. For almost the next 1.000 years, these states, their relations with each other, and their effects on the peoples who lived in "stateless" societies along their peripheries dominated Chad's political history. Recent research suggests that indigenous Africans founded most of these states, not migrating Arabic-speaking groups, as was believed previously. Nonetheless, immigrants, Arabic-speaking or otherwise, played a significant role, along w ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900

The area that today is Chad started out as a disconnected group of tribes. Humanoid skulls and cave paintings have been found there. Eventually, these tribes were overtaken by kingdoms. Chad was controlled by some weak local kingdoms until it was overtaken by the larger, but still completely African Kanem-Bornu Empire. Later, foreigners started having a bigger influence on Chad. Starting in the Middle Ages, Chad became a crossroads between the Muslim traders and the native tribes. In 1891 Chad became a French colony. In WWII, Chad was ...

See also:

Chad, Chad - History, Chad - Politics, Chad - Subdivisions, Chad - Geography, Chad - Economy, Chad - Demography, Chad - Culture, Chad - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Chad: Encyclopedia II - Chad - History

Nigeria - Early history. The first known civilisation in Nigeria was that of the Nok. The Nok were an iron age people existing from 500 BC until about 200 AD on the Jos plateau in north-eastern Nigeria. The Kanem-Bornu Empire near Lake Chad dominated northern Nigeria for over 600 years, prospering as a terminal of north-south trade between North African Berbers and forest people. In the early 19th century, Usman dan Fodio brought most areas in the north under the loose control of a ...

See also:

Nigeria, Nigeria - History, Nigeria - Early history, Nigeria - Colonialism and pre-independence, Nigeria - Independence, Nigeria - Army coups of 1966, Nigeria - Civil war, Nigeria - Military government 1974-1979, Nigeria - Army coup of 1983, Nigeria - Army coup of 1985, Nigeria - New constitution and failed elections, Nigeria - Attempted coup and international condemnation, Nigeria - Military intervention in Liberia and Sierra Leone, Nigeria - Failed elections of 1998, Nigeria - The rise of Obasanjo, Nigeria - Politics, Nigeria - States, Nigeria - Geography, Nigeria - Economy, Nigeria - Demographics, Nigeria - Education, Nigeria - Public Health Issues, Nigeria - Polio, Nigeria - Obstetric Fistula, Nigeria - Culture

Read more here: » Nigeria: Encyclopedia II - Nigeria - History

Human presence in Chad is very ancient, a humanoid skull found in Borkou is more than 3 million years old. The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. During the 7th millennium BC, the northern half of Chad was part of a broad expanse of land, stretching from the Indus River in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, in which ecological conditions favored early human settlement. Rock art of the "Round Head" style, found in the Ennedi region, has been dated to before the 7th millennium BC ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Prehistory

The French first penetrated Chad in 1891, establishing their authority through military expeditions primarily against the Muslim kingdoms. The decisive colonial battle for Chad was fought on April 22, 1900 at Kousséri between the French Major Lamy and the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, both of whom were killed in the battle. In 1905, administrative responsibility for Chad was placed under a governor-general stationed at Brazzaville, capital of French Equatorial Africa (AEF). Chad did not have a separate colo ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40

During World War II, Chad was the first French colony to rejoin the Allies (August 26, 1940), after the defeat of France by Germany. Under the administration of Félix Éboué, France's first black colonial governor, a military column, commanded by Colonel Leclerc, and including two batallions of Sara troops, moved north from N'Djamena (then Fort Lamy) to engage Axis forces in Libya. After the war ended local parties started to develope in Chad. The first to be born was the conservative Chadian Democratic Union (UDT), which represente ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60

One of the most prominent aspects of Tombalbaye's rule was to prove itself his authoritarianism and distrust of democracy. Already in January 1962 he banned all political parties except his own PPT, and started immediately concentrating all powers in his hand. His treatment of opposers, real or immagined, was extremely harsh, fulling the prisons of thousands of political prisoners. What was even worse was to prove his costant discrimination against the central and northern regions of Chad, where the southern Chadian administrators cam ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75

The coup d'état that terminated Tombalbaye's government received an enthusiastic response in N'Djamena. The southerner General Félix Malloum early emerged as the chairman of the new junta. The new military leaders were unable to retain for long the popularity that they had gained through their overthrow of Tombalbaye. Malloum proved himself unable to cope with the FROLINAT and at the end decided his only chance was in coopting part ...

See also:

History of Chad, History of Chad - Prehistory, History of Chad - Era of Empires AD 900–1900, History of Chad - Kanem-Bornu, History of Chad - Baguirmi and Ouaddai, History of Chad - Colonialism 1900–40, History of Chad - Decolonization 1940–60, History of Chad - The Tombalbaye Era 1960–75, History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78, History of Chad - Civil war 1979-82, History of Chad - The Habré Era 1982–90, History of Chad - The Déby Era, History of Chad - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Chad: Encyclopedia II - History of Chad - Military rule 1975–78

History of Africa - Medieval empires. There were many great empires in Sub-saharan Africa over the past few millennia. These were mostly concentrated in West Africa where important trade routes and good agricultural land allowed extensive states to develop. These included the Mali Empire, Oba of Benin, the Kanem-Bornu Empire, the Fulani Empire, the Dahomey, the Ashanti Empire, and the Songhay. Also common in this ...

See also:

History of Africa, History of Africa - Paleolithic, History of Africa - Evolution of hominids and Homo sapiens in Africa, History of Africa - Neolithic prehistoric cultures, History of Africa - North Africa, History of Africa - Sub-Saharan Africa, History of Africa - History of North Africa 3500 B.C. - 1500 A.D., History of Africa - Ancient Egypt, History of Africa - Phoenician Greek and Roman colonization, History of Africa - Dark Age, History of Africa - Islamisation, History of Africa - History of Sub-Saharan Africa until 1500 A.D., History of Africa - Medieval empires, History of Africa - European exploration and conquest, History of Africa - Portuguese, History of Africa - 19th Century European explorers, History of Africa - Partition among European Powers, History of Africa - Conflicting ambitions of the European powers, History of Africa - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85, History of Africa - 20th Century: 1900-1945, History of Africa - Africa at the start of the 20th century, History of Africa - Interbellum, History of Africa - World War II, History of Africa - Postcolonial era:1945-present, History of Africa - Decolonization, History of Africa - Postcolonial Relationship with Europe, History of Africa - The Cold War in Africa, History of Africa - Pan-Africanism, History of Africa - Central Africa, History of Africa - East Africa, History of Africa - North Africa, History of Africa - Southern Africa, History of Africa - West Africa

Read more here: » History of Africa: Encyclopedia II - History of Africa - History of Sub-Saharan Africa until 1500 A.D.