Chancellors, as most of the other offices in Poland and later, the Commonwealth, were nominated to the office for life by the King during the Sejm (Parliament) session. From 15th and 16th century, after the reforms of Alexander, Sigismund I and the Union of Lublin, the power and importance of the Chancellor office was stabilised, as the senatorial office lesser then the hetmans (military commanders who had however no right to vote in the Senat) and the Grand Marshals, but more important then ...

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Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

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History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominations Christ ...

Including:

• Bishop - Meaning of bishop
• Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament
• Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers
• Bishop - Bishops and civil government
• Bishop - Sovereign bishops
• Bishop - Bishops holding political office
• Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War
• Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches
• Bishop - Bishops in other churches
• Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
• Bishop - United Methodist Bishops
• Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
• Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• Bishop - New Apostolic Church
• Bishop - Others
• Bishop - References & Resources
• Bishop - Print
• Bishop - Online

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Sejm - Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland This article is part of the series: Politics of Poland National Assembly Sejm Senate edit The power of early sejms grew during the times of Poland's fragmentation (1146-1295), when power of individual rulers waned and various councils and wiece grew stronger. The history of the Sejm d ...

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Sejm, Sejm - History, Sejm - Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sejm - Sejm of the Second Polish Republic, Sejm - Sejm of the People's Republic of Poland, Sejm - Sejm of modern Poland, Sejm - Last election

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The upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senate, comprising bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers (central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most important official was the Primate — the Archbishop of Gniezno. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the Jagiellon Dynasty having died out ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The efficient infrastructure of the Roman Empire became the template for the organization of the church in the fourth century, particularly after the Edict of Milan. As the church moved from the shadows of privacy into the public forum it acquired land for churches, burials and clergy. In 391, Theodosius I decreed that any land that had been confiscated from the church by Roman authorities be returned. The most usual term for the geographical area of a bishop's authority and ministry, the diocese, began as part of the structure of the ...

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Bishop, Bishop - Meaning of bishop, Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament, Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers, Bishop - Bishops and civil government, Bishop - Sovereign bishops, Bishop - Bishops holding political office, Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War, Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches, Bishop - Bishops in other churches, Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Bishop - United Methodist Bishops, Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bishop - New Apostolic Church, Bishop - Others, Bishop - References & Resources, Bishop - Print, Bishop - Online

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Jan Zamoyski - Early years: the royal supporter. He attended the University of Paris and University of Padua. Since his student days he become deeply interested in politics. After he returned to Poland, he was appointed secretary to King Sigismund II. In 1563 he wrote De senatu Romano, a brochure about Ancient Rome government, in which he sought to apply constitutional principles of republican R ...

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Jan Zamoyski, Jan Zamoyski - Biography, Jan Zamoyski - Early years: the royal supporter, Jan Zamoyski - Later years: in opposition to the throne, Jan Zamoyski - Legacy

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Although many Protestant churches have rejected the place of bishops in church leadership, churches rooted in tradition continue to ordain bishops to lead the church. Bishops form the leadership in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and the Independent Catholic Churches. The traditional role of a bishop is as pastor of a diocese (also called a bishopric, eparchy or see). Dioceses vary considerably in their size of area and population. Some dioceses around the ...

See also:

Bishop, Bishop - Meaning of bishop, Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament, Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers, Bishop - Bishops and civil government, Bishop - Sovereign bishops, Bishop - Bishops holding political office, Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War, Bishop - Bishops in Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican churches, Bishop - Bishops in other churches, Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Bishop - United Methodist Bishops, Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bishop - New Apostolic Church, Bishop - Others, Bishop - References & Resources, Bishop - Print, Bishop - Online

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A 1611 Constitution (amended 1633 and 1635) prescribed many officials. Exceptions to the rule, however, were the rule; Sejm rules were treated as mere suggestions. Thus Belz Voivodship had only 4 of the 15 prescribed dignitaries; most northern voivodships had about 5; and in Wołyń and Bracław Voivodships the hierarchical order was almost reversed. Each province or district had its own set of officials — a list of provinces may be foun ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The most important official was the starosta (mayor). He was supported by a borough deputy-starosta (podstarości grodowy), burgrave (burgrabia), notary (notariusz) and clerk (pisarz). The borough deputy-starosta assisted the starosta and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the borough rejent (rejent grodzki), borough notary (notariusz grodzki), ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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These offices were very stable, having evolved about the 13th century and lasting almost unchanged to the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The administrative system had come from Germany together with Magdeburg law. Every city (without exception) had a Council and a Bench, the Council being the administrative branch and the Bench the judicial branch. A new Council was chosen by the old one whose term had expired. The Council was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild oversight, and the lik ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The New Testament uses the word episkopos five times. Acts of the Apostles 20:28 Epistle to the Philippians 1:1 First Epistle to Timothy 3:2 Epistle to Titus 1:7 First Epistle of Peter 2:25 Words related to episkopos are used in two other verses. Some English Bibles translate this word as bishop (KJV, RSV, NRSV, etc.), while others, attempting to distance themselves from certain types of church hierarchy, use a more neu ...

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Bishop, Bishop - Meaning of bishop, Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament, Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers, Bishop - Bishops and civil government, Bishop - Sovereign bishops, Bishop - Bishops holding political office, Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War, Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches, Bishop - Bishops in other churches, Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Bishop - United Methodist Bishops, Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bishop - New Apostolic Church, Bishop - Others, Bishop - References & Resources, Bishop - Print, Bishop - Online

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Some other churches, such as Lutherans, Methodists and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("LDS Church"; see also Mormon), also have bishops, but their roles differ significantly from the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican ones. Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States, and based largely on the Church of Sweden and United Danish Church, bishops are elected by synod councils, consisting o ...

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Bishop, Bishop - Meaning of bishop, Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament, Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers, Bishop - Bishops and civil government, Bishop - Sovereign bishops, Bishop - Bishops holding political office, Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War, Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches, Bishop - Bishops in other churches, Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Bishop - United Methodist Bishops, Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bishop - New Apostolic Church, Bishop - Others, Bishop - References & Resources, Bishop - Print, Bishop - Online

Read more here: » Bishop: Encyclopedia II - Bishop - Bishops in other churches

The highest military officials were the Hetmans. As with most offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century, hetmans were not paid for their services. Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the Ottoman Empire, Russia and the Tatars. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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Although many Protestant churches have rejected the place of bishops in church leadership, churches rooted in tradition continue to ordain bishops to lead the church. Bishops form the leadership in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and the Independent Catholic Churches. The traditional role of a bishop is as pastor of a diocese (also called a bishopric, eparchy or see). Dioceses vary considerably in their size of area and population. Some dioceses around the ...

See also:

Bishop, Bishop - Meaning of bishop, Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament, Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers, Bishop - Bishops and civil government, Bishop - Sovereign bishops, Bishop - Bishops holding political office, Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War, Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches, Bishop - Bishops in other churches, Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Bishop - United Methodist Bishops, Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bishop - New Apostolic Church, Bishop - Others, Bishop - References & Resources, Bishop - Print, Bishop - Online

Read more here: » Bishop: Encyclopedia II - Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches

Official court posts are the most difficult to describe. Some court officials held responsibilities important to both the court and the country; the functions of others evolved over the centuries. In time (generally by the end of the 17th century), the titles of most had become merely honorary, and the King had to create another set of officials to deal with those responsibilities. Court officials may be divided into those who served the King, and those who ensured the smooth running of his court (in the 16th century, comprising some ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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In 1580 he founded the city of Zamość. During his life he gathered much wealth - he owned 11 cities and 200 villages (around 6400 km²) and was a royal caretaker of another 112 cities and 612 villages (around 17500 km²). In 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska. Jan Zamoyski is one of the characters in the famous painting by Jan Matejko: Sermon of Skarga. ...

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Jan Zamoyski, Jan Zamoyski - Biography, Jan Zamoyski - Early years: the royal supporter, Jan Zamoyski - Later years: in opposition to the throne, Jan Zamoyski - Legacy

Read more here: » Jan Zamoyski: Encyclopedia II - Jan Zamoyski - Legacy

As the name suggests, non-Senat-related officials were not entitled to a vote in the Senat. The most important such officials were the Great Secretaries (singular: sekretarz wielki), Crown and Lithuanian. Only a man of the cloth could be a Great Secretary. These functionaries were considered more consequential than any district or court official, with the exception of the Court Marshal. They could act as Chancellors when no Chancellor was in attendance. They dealt with secret letters; in Senat they read out letters of the King's and r ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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At the turn of the first century AD, the church started to acquire a clear organisation. In the works of the Apostolic Fathers, and Ignatius of Antioch in particular, the role of the episkopos, or bishop, became more important. "Plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself" — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6:1. "your godly bishop" — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2:1. "the bishop presiding after the likeness of God and the presbyters after the likeness of the council ...

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Bishop, Bishop - Meaning of bishop, Bishop - Bishops in the New Testament, Bishop - Bishops in the Apostolic Fathers, Bishop - Bishops and civil government, Bishop - Sovereign bishops, Bishop - Bishops holding political office, Bishop - Episcopacy during the English Civil War, Bishop - Bishops in Catholic Orthodox and Anglican churches, Bishop - Bishops in other churches, Bishop - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Bishop - United Methodist Bishops, Bishop - Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bishop - New Apostolic Church, Bishop - Others, Bishop - References & Resources, Bishop - Print, Bishop - Online

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Klemens | Jarost | Stanislaw z Krakowa | Franciszek z Krakowa | Zbigniew z Szczyrzyca | Janusz Suchywilk | Zawisza z Kurozwek | Jan Radlica z Radliczyc | Zaklika z Miedzygorza | Wojciech Jastrzebiec z Lubnicy | Jan Szafraniec z Luczyc | Jan Taszka z Koniecpola | Jan Gruszczynski | Jakub z Debna | Uriel z Gorki | Stanislaw Kurozwecki | Krzeslaw Kurozwecki | Jan Laski | Maciej Drzewicki | Krzysztof Szydlowiecki | Jan Chojenski | Pawel Wolski | Tomasz Sobocki | Samuel Maciejowski | Jan Ocieski | Walenty Dembinski | Pio ...

See also:

Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

Read more here: » Kanclerz: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - List of chancellors

During the times of fragmentation of Poland, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the reunification of Poland, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor office split into that of the Great Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor (however the Lithuanian Deputy Chancellor was created later, in the mid-16th century). The Deputy Chancellor was however not a subordinate of t ...

See also:

Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

Read more here: » Kanclerz: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - History