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June 2004

A Wisdom Archive on June 2004

June 2004

A selection of articles related to June 2004

June 2004

ARTICLES RELATED TO June 2004

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Refusals actions and movements

Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The high school seniors' letter. On April 28, 1970, a group of high school seniors about to be drafted sent a letter to Prime Minister Golda Meir expressing their reservation about the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, the War of Attrition and the government's failure to take steps to avoid conflict. In 2001, a new high-school refuseniks movement called Shministim (Hebrew: שמיניסטים, literally "eighth graders"), followed in ...

See also:

Refusal to serve in the Israeli military, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Overview, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Refusals actions and movements, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The high school seniors' letter, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Yesh Gvul, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Courage to Refuse, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - New Profile, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The pilots' letter, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - The commandos' letter, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Refusal to remove settlements, Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Reaction to the refuseniks

Read more here: » Refusal to serve in the Israeli military: Encyclopedia II - Refusal to serve in the Israeli military - Refusals actions and movements

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Sierra Entertainment - History

Sierra started modestly as On-Line Systems in 1980, with founders Ken and Roberta Williams programming games and managing the company from their own home. Their first game was Mystery House, the world's first graphic adventure game. In 1982 the company changed its name to Sierra On-Line and moved to Oakhurst, California. In 1984, Sierra developed King's Quest, initially published by IBM, to show off the advanced technology of the IBM PCjr. The success of that game (subsequently ported to other platfo ...

See also:

Sierra Entertainment, Sierra Entertainment - History, Sierra Entertainment - Trivia, Sierra Entertainment - Sierra's breakthroughs, Sierra Entertainment - Companies under the Sierra umbrella, Sierra Entertainment - Fully-owned subsidiaries of Sierra, Sierra Entertainment - Developers whose games Sierra has published, Sierra Entertainment - Sierra's games, Sierra Entertainment - Adventure games, Sierra Entertainment - Other notable games

Read more here: » Sierra Entertainment: Encyclopedia II - Sierra Entertainment - History

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Serendipity - Origin of the term

The fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip is based upon the life of Persian king Bahram Gur who ruled the Sasanian Empire from ca. 420-440 AD. Stories of his rule are told in epic poetry of the region (Firdausi's Shahnameh 1010 AD, Nizami's Haft Paykar 1197 AD, Khusrau's Hasht Bihisht 1302 AD), parts of which are based upon historical facts with embellishments derived from folklore going back hundreds of years to oral traditions in India and The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. With the exception of the well-known camel sto ...

See also:

Serendipity, Serendipity - Serendipitous discoveries and inventions, Serendipity - Origin of the term, Serendipity - Related terms, Serendipity - Bibliography

Read more here: » Serendipity: Encyclopedia II - Serendipity - Origin of the term

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - President of the United States - Presidential facts

President of the United States - Transition events. Four U.S. Presidents have been assassinated while in office: Abraham Lincoln in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth James Garfield in 1881 by Charles J. Guiteau (Guiteau shot him but Garfield arguably died due to subsequent incorrect medical care) William McKinley in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz John Kennedy in 1963, officially by Lee Harvey Oswald alone[2] although many theories suggest additional gunmen or a different person altogether ...

See also:

President of the United States, President of the United States - Requirements to hold office, President of the United States - Election, President of the United States - Inauguration and oath of office, President of the United States - Terms of office, President of the United States - Succession, President of the United States - Powers, President of the United States - Salary and benefits, President of the United States - Salary, President of the United States - Residences, President of the United States - Traveling, President of the United States - Secret Service, President of the United States - Benefits after Presidency, President of the United States - Officeholders, President of the United States - Life after the Presidency, President of the United States - Presidential facts, President of the United States - Transition events, President of the United States - Other facts, President of the United States - Notes

Read more here: » President of the United States: Encyclopedia II - President of the United States - Presidential facts

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Recent history - back to the war

For most of the period between 2002 and 2004, the FARC-EP was believed to be in a relative / temporary strategic withdrawal due to the increasing military and police actions of new hardline president Álvaro Uribe Vélez, which led to the capture or desertion of many fighters and medium-level commanders, one of the most important of which has been that of "Simón Trinidad" (Juvenal Ovidio Palmera Pineda) in January 2004, a former banker turned rebel, who had participated as a high-profile negotiator in the rec ...

See also:

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Overview, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Historical background, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Seventh Guerrilla Conference of the FARC-EP, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Belligerence of the FARC-EP, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Activities, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - The late 1990s Peace Process, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Recent history - back to the war, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - New Strategy in 2005, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - 2005 Military Attacks, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Possibility of a prisoner exchange with the government

Read more here: » Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia: Encyclopedia II - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Recent history - back to the war

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Citybus Hong Kong - History

In 1979, Citybus began its operation in Hong Kong with one double deck bus (Volvo B55), providing shuttle service for the Hong Kong United Dockyard in Hung Hom. It later expanded into operating a residential bus route between City One, Shatin and Kowloon Tong MTR station. By 1984, Citybus had begun a cross-boundary coach service between Hong Kong and Shenzhen. Later in 1985, Citybus had introduced the first batch of air-conditioned double-deck coaches. Since then, the company kept expanding its fleet of air-conditioned buses. This had also been the remarkable start of the air-cond ...

See also:

Citybus Hong Kong, Citybus Hong Kong - History, Citybus Hong Kong - Other Operators

Read more here: » Citybus Hong Kong: Encyclopedia II - Citybus Hong Kong - History

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Armadillo Aerospace - X-Prize vehicle

The company was a competitor for the Ansari X-Prize. Armadillo's X-Prize vehicle was unorthodox among modern rockets in that instead of using stabilization fins, which complicate the design and increase drag, Armadillo used an aerodynamically unstable design, where the computer controlled jet vanes based on feedback from fiber optic gyroscopes. Armadillo also stated a preference for simplicity and reliability over performance, which was evident in its choice of hydrogen peroxide (50 % concentration in water) and methanol as a mixed monopropellant for the vehicle. (Recently, however, Carmack opted to switch to liquid o ...

See also:

Armadillo Aerospace, Armadillo Aerospace - Overview, Armadillo Aerospace - Research and development principles, Armadillo Aerospace - X-Prize vehicle, Armadillo Aerospace - 100 kilometers 200 pound 91 kg payload vehicle

Read more here: » Armadillo Aerospace: Encyclopedia II - Armadillo Aerospace - X-Prize vehicle

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Conservative Party of Canada - Background

The merger to form the new Conservative Party of Canada was announced on October 15, 2003, by the two party leaders (Stephen Harper of the Canadian Alliance and Peter MacKay of the Progressive Conservatives), and was ratified by the membership of the Alliance on December 5 by a margin of 96% to 4%, and by delegates of the PC Party on December 6 by a margin of 90% to 10%. On December 7, 2003, the new party was officially registered with Elections Ca ...

See also:

Conservative Party of Canada, Conservative Party of Canada - Background, Conservative Party of Canada - Principles and policies, Conservative Party of Canada - Leadership election, Conservative Party of Canada - Controversy, Conservative Party of Canada - Aftermath, Conservative Party of Canada - Party leaders, Conservative Party of Canada - Election Results 2004-2006, Conservative Party of Canada - Provincial parties

Read more here: » Conservative Party of Canada: Encyclopedia II - Conservative Party of Canada - Background

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Silicon Graphics - History

The products produced by SGI, as well as the strategies and market positions pursued by the company, have varied since SGI was founded. However, the graphical computing workstation industry has remained a focus and core business of SGI throughout its history. Silicon Graphics - Founding. Jim Clark left his position as a computer science professor at Stanford University to found SGI with a cadre of Stanford graduate students including Kurt Akeley, Tom Davis, Rocky Rhodes, Marc Hannah, Herb Kuta, and Mark Grossman. The Mayfield Group supplied the initial venture funding. Silicon Gra ...

See also:

Silicon Graphics, Silicon Graphics - History, Silicon Graphics - Founding, Silicon Graphics - First generation of products, Silicon Graphics - RISC era, Silicon Graphics - ARC effort, Silicon Graphics - Entertainment industry, Silicon Graphics - Name and logo changes, Silicon Graphics - Alias Wavefront and Cray acquisitions, Silicon Graphics - Late 1990s and recent developments, Silicon Graphics - Switch to Itanium, Silicon Graphics - The ever-shrinking SGI, Silicon Graphics - SGI user base and core market, Silicon Graphics - High-end Server market, Silicon Graphics - SGI product line, Silicon Graphics - Current SGI products, Silicon Graphics - Past SGI products

Read more here: » Silicon Graphics: Encyclopedia II - Silicon Graphics - History

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Atom standard - History

In June 2003, Sam Ruby set up a wiki with the intention of discussing what makes "a well-formed log entry". People quickly started using the wiki to discuss a new syndication format to replace RSS. In short order, a RoadMap[1] was built, and this attracted an extensive list of supporters. It also became clear that the new format could also form the basis of a more robust replacement for blog editing protocols such as Blogger API and Li ...

See also:

Atom standard, Atom standard - History, Atom standard - Example

Read more here: » Atom standard: Encyclopedia II - Atom standard - History

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Axis and Allies - Original Version

Axis and Allies - Basics. The essential mechanics to the game are easy to pick up. Each side's objective is to conquer enough of the enemy's territory. This can be accomplished by holding two enemy national capitals, but the Axis can also win an "economic victory" by gaining enough territory, which is more common in practice due to the difficulty of attacking London or Washington. Each player progresses in order: USSR, Germany, UK, Japan, USA. On each turn, the player declares IPC spending for production a ...

See also:

Axis and Allies, Axis and Allies - Original Version, Axis and Allies - Basics, Axis and Allies - Units, Axis and Allies - Revised Edition, Axis and Allies - Spinoffs

Read more here: » Axis and Allies: Encyclopedia II - Axis and Allies - Original Version

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Charlie Watts - Biography

Watts was born in the London suburb of Islington in 1941. His father drove a lorry for British Rail. In his early days, he attended Tylers Croft Secondary Modern School as well as Harrow Art School. In 1960, he was working with a band called Blues By Five when he met a man named Alexis Korner, who convinced him to join his own band, Blues Incorporated. Later the same year, the band picked up lead singer Mick Jagger, as well as ...

See also:

Charlie Watts, Charlie Watts - Biography, Charlie Watts - Marriage and Children, Charlie Watts - Role in the band

Read more here: » Charlie Watts: Encyclopedia II - Charlie Watts - Biography

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Browser wars - The first round of browser wars

By mid-1995, popular culture had begun to notice the web, and Netscape Navigator was the most used web browser at that time. Microsoft licensed Mosaic as the basis of Internet Explorer 1.0 which it released as part of the Microsoft Windows 95 Plus Pack in August 1995. Internet Explorer 2.0 was released three months later, and by then the race was on. New versions of Netscape Navigator (later Netscape Communicator) and Internet Explorer were released at a rapid pace over the following few years. Features often took priority over bug fi ...

See also:

Browser wars, Browser wars - Early browser competition, Browser wars - The first round of browser wars, Browser wars - Internet Explorer dominance, Browser wars - Consequences, Browser wars - The second round of browser wars, Browser wars - Other browser competition

Read more here: » Browser wars: Encyclopedia II - Browser wars - The first round of browser wars

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Cliff Richard - 1958—1963: Success and stardom

The Anglo Indian Harry Webb came from a skiffle group to be lead singer of the rock n roll Drifters in 1958 (not to be confused with the American group of the same name). Before their first "big time" out of town performance at the Regal Ballroom in Ripley they took the name Cliff Richard and the Drifters. The members of this band were Harry, who had become Cliff, Ian "Sammy" Samwell, Terry Smart and Norman Mitham. None o ...

See also:

Cliff Richard, Cliff Richard - 1958—1963: Success and stardom, Cliff Richard - 1964—1975: Changing circumstances, Cliff Richard - 1976—1994: Comeback, Cliff Richard - 1995—: Sir Cliff, Cliff Richard - Sexuality, Cliff Richard - Chart accomplishments, Cliff Richard - Christmas songs, Cliff Richard - Discography

Read more here: » Cliff Richard: Encyclopedia II - Cliff Richard - 1958—1963: Success and stardom

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Toyota Prius - 2004 to 2006 Prius

The Prius 2004 model year was a complete redesign of the previous generations of Prius. The new model is based on the new (third generation) Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), replacing the earlier Toyota Hybrid System (THS) technology. The first generation (1997 to 2003) could not run its air conditioning unless the motor was running. In contrast, the 2004 model introduced an all-electric compressor for cooling. This allowed more extensive use of the "stealth mode" (operation on electric motor only). The drag coefficient of 0.26 was now the second-lowest in the ...

See also:

Toyota Prius, Toyota Prius - How it works, Toyota Prius - 2004 to 2006 Prius, Toyota Prius - Versions, Toyota Prius - Awards, Toyota Prius - Notable facts, Toyota Prius - Sales, Toyota Prius - Car rental, Toyota Prius - Driving tricks to reduce fuel consumption

Read more here: » Toyota Prius: Encyclopedia II - Toyota Prius - 2004 to 2006 Prius

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Nelson Mandela - Early life

Nelson Mandela was born to the Thembu Xhosa family on July 18, 1918 in small village of Mvezo in the Umtata district, capital of the Transkei. Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a counsel to the Thembu king (a position he was groomed for from his birth and which Mandela was also destined to inherit). Mandela's father was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who would later return this favor by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. In total, Mandela's father had four wives, with w ...

See also:

Nelson Mandela, Nelson Mandela - Early life, Nelson Mandela - Political activity, Nelson Mandela - Arrest and imprisonment, Nelson Mandela - ANC presidency and presidency of South Africa, Nelson Mandela - International diplomacy, Nelson Mandela - Marriages, Nelson Mandela - Retirement, Nelson Mandela - Orders and decorations, Nelson Mandela - Trivia, Nelson Mandela - Quotes

Read more here: » Nelson Mandela: Encyclopedia II - Nelson Mandela - Early life

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Nick Berg - Death

Berg's body was found decapitated on May 8, 2004 on a Baghdad overpass by a U.S. military patrol. Berg's family was informed of his death on May 10. Military sources stated publicly at that time that Berg's body showed "signs of trauma", but did not disclose that he had been decapitated. On May 11, 2004, the website of the militant Islamist group Muntada al-Ansar[4] allegedly broadcast a video with the opening title of "Abu Musa'b al-Zarqawi slaug ...

See also:

Nick Berg, Nick Berg - Early life, Nick Berg - Travels and detention, Nick Berg - Disappearance, Nick Berg - Death, Nick Berg - Video details, Nick Berg - Reaction, Nick Berg - Family activism and claimed link to Zacarias Moussaoui, Nick Berg - Arrests & Confessions, Nick Berg - Interview with Michael Moore

Read more here: » Nick Berg: Encyclopedia II - Nick Berg - Death

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Oxfordshire - History

Main article: History of Oxfordshire. Historically the area has always had some importance, it has been valuable agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and containing the prestigious settlement at Oxford (from the Old English Oxenaforda). Ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born in Wantage. The University of Oxford was founded in 1096. The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century. ...

See also:

Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire - History, Oxfordshire - Towns and cities, Oxfordshire - Places of interest

Read more here: » Oxfordshire: Encyclopedia II - Oxfordshire - History

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - National Wrestling Alliance - Titles in the Company

National Wrestling Alliance - World Championships. Upon its founding in 1948, the NWA Board of Directors recognized only three championships as world titles. There were however no rules within the organization preventing individual members promoting titles in other divisions as world titles. Only the first two are still recognized by the Board. NWA World Heavyweight Championship NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship NWA Wo ...

See also:

National Wrestling Alliance, National Wrestling Alliance - Territories, National Wrestling Alliance - Former Member Territories, National Wrestling Alliance - Decline and Fall of the Territory System, National Wrestling Alliance - The NWA Today, National Wrestling Alliance - Titles in the Company, National Wrestling Alliance - World Championships, National Wrestling Alliance - National Championships, National Wrestling Alliance - Regional Championships

Read more here: » National Wrestling Alliance: Encyclopedia II - National Wrestling Alliance - Titles in the Company

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Nancy Walls - Career

Walls is an attendee of Boston College and an alumini of the Second City Improv Company. She appeared in the 1995-1996 season of Saturday Night Live. She also worked as a correspondent on The Daily Show. She is married to Steven Carell, who was also a correspondent on The Daily Show. They have two children, Elisabeth Anne Carell (born May 25th, 2001) and Jon Carell (born June 2004). ...

See also:

Nancy Walls, Nancy Walls - Career, Nancy Walls - Notable Apperances

Read more here: » Nancy Walls: Encyclopedia II - Nancy Walls - Career

June 2004: Encyclopedia II - Military strategy - Development of military strategy

Military strategy - Early military strategy. The principles of military strategy can be found as far back as 500 BC in the works of Sun Tzu and earlier in Spartan thinking. The campaigns of Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Cæsar and Qin Shi Huang demonstrate strategic planning and movement. In 1520 Niccolò Machiavelli's Dell'arte della guerra (Art of War) dealt with the relationship between civil and military matters and the formation of the grand strategy. In the Thirty Years War, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden demonstrated advanced ...

See also:

Military strategy, Military strategy - Fundamentals of military strategy, Military strategy - Principles of military strategy, Military strategy - Development of military strategy, Military strategy - Early military strategy, Military strategy - Genghis Khan and the Mongols, Military strategy - Napoleonic strategy, Military strategy - Strategy in the industrial age, Military strategy - Strategy in World War I, Military strategy - Strategy Development Between World Wars, Military strategy - Strategy in World War II, Military strategy - Cold War Strategy, Military strategy - Post Cold War Strategy, Military strategy - Military Strategy Research Centers, Military strategy - Military strategists

Read more here: » Military strategy: Encyclopedia II - Military strategy - Development of military strategy

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