Judenrat

Main articles: The Holocaust and History of Poland (1939-1945) Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Polish September campaign. During the Polish September Campaign of 1939, some 120,000 Jewish Polish citizens took part in battles with the Germans as member of the Polish Armed Forces. It is estimated that as many as 32,216 Jewish soldiers and officers died and 61,000 were taken prisoner by the Germans, the majority did not survive. The soldiers and non-commissioned officer who were released ult ...

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Jewish Polish history during the 1900s, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Interwar period 1918-1939, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Independence and Polish Jews, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Jewish and Polish culture, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Rising Anti-Semitism, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939-1945, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Polish September campaign, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Soviet-Occupied Poland, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Communist rule: 1945-1989, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Post-war, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - From 1967-1989

Read more here: » Jewish Polish history during the 1900s: Encyclopedia II - Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939-1945

Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Post-war. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland by hiding or by joining the Polish or Russian partisan units. Another 50,000-170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union and 20,000-40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its post-war peak, there were 180,000-240,000 Jews in Poland settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, and Wrocław. Soon after the end of the Second World War, Jews began to flee Poland. Prompted by renewed ...

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Jewish Polish history during the 1900s, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Interwar period 1918-1939, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Independence and Polish Jews, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Jewish and Polish culture, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Rising Anti-Semitism, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939-1945, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Polish September campaign, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Soviet-Occupied Poland, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Communist rule: 1945-1989, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Post-war, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - From 1967-1989

Read more here: » Jewish Polish history during the 1900s: Encyclopedia II - Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Communist rule: 1945-1989

Plans to isolate the Jewish population of Warsaw and its nearby suburbs in a ghetto first circulated immediately after the German occupation of Poland in 1939. At the time, the German administration of the General Government had not been fully organized, and there were conflicting interests among the three major players: the civilian administration, the military, and the SS. Under these circumstances, the Jewish Council, or Judenrat, headed by Adam Czerniakow, was able to delay the establishment of the Ghetto by one year, mainly by appealing to the mili ...

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Warsaw Ghetto, Warsaw Ghetto - Formation of the Ghetto, Warsaw Ghetto - Destruction of the Ghetto, Warsaw Ghetto - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the destruction of the Ghetto, Warsaw Ghetto - Social and cultural life in the ghetto, Warsaw Ghetto - Commemoration, Warsaw Ghetto - Famous Ghetto prisoners

Read more here: » Warsaw Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Warsaw Ghetto - Formation of the Ghetto

The movie was directed by famed director Steven Spielberg, who later spoke of the making of the movie as affecting him deeply. It was produced almost entirely in black and white (with a color prologue and epilogue, a red coat in two scenes, and color candle flames in another). It starred Liam Neeson as Oskar Schindler, Ben Kingsley as Itzhak Stern, and Ralph Fiennes as Amon Göth. Its tagline was simply, "Whoever saves one life saves the world entire" a quote from the Talmud. Critically acclaimed, the film won praise for depicting—often in exceptional, graphic det ...

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Schindler's List, Schindler's List - Plot summary, Schindler's List - The German army invades Poland, Schindler's List - Schindler's factory, Schindler's List - The razing of the Ghetto, Schindler's List - The list, Schindler's List - The coda, Schindler's List - The movie, Schindler's List - Credits, Schindler's List - Trivia, Schindler's List - 1997 TV controversy

Read more here: » Schindler's List: Encyclopedia II - Schindler's List - The movie

The Holocaust - Holocaust theology. On account of the magnitude of the Holocaust, many theologians have re-examined the classical theological views on God's goodness and actions in the world. Some believers and apostates question whether people can still have any faith after the Holocaust, and some of the theological responses to these questions are explored in Holocaust theology. The Holocaust - Art and literature. See also:

The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Impact on culture

The culture and intellectual output of the Jewish community in Poland had a profound impact on Judaism as a whole. Some Jewish historians have recounted that the word Poland is pronounced as Polania or Polin in Hebrew, and as transliterated into Hebrew, these names for Poland were interpreted as "good omens" because Polania can be broken down into three Hebrew words: po ("here"), lan ("dwells"), ya ("God"), and Polin into two words of: po ("here") lin ("[you should] dwell"). The ...

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History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth

History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation. Following the childless death of Zygmund II, the last king of the Jagiellon dynasty, Polish and Lithuanian nobles (szlachta) gathered at Warsaw and signed a document in which representatives of all the major religions pledged each other mutual support and tolerance. See: Warsaw Confederation. History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation. Following Sigismund, Stephen Bathory (1576–1586) was elected ...

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History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795

To organize the local population and maintain order, the German authorities established a Jewish Council, or Judenrat. The Judenälteste, or leader of the Judenrat, Chaim Rumkowski, is still considered one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Holocaust. Known mockingly as "King Chaim," he was granted unprecedented powers by the Nazi government, which authori ...

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Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Establishment of the Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Chaim Rumkowski and the Jewish Council, Łódź Ghetto - The First Deportation, Łódź Ghetto - The End of the Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Resistance in the Łódź Ghetto

Read more here: » Łódź Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Łódź Ghetto - Chaim Rumkowski and the Jewish Council

Łódź - Łódź constituency. Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Łódź constituency: Krzysztof Baszczyński, SLD-UP Mirosław Drzewiecki, PO Elżbieta Jankowska, SLD-UP Zbigniew Kaniewski, SLD-UP Ewa Kralkowska, SLD-UP Urszula Krupa, LPR Leszek Miller, SLD-UP Alicja Murynowicz, SLD-UP Krzysztof Rutkowski, Samoobrona Iwona Śledzińska-Katarasińska, PO El� ...

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Łódź, Łódź - History, Łódź - Agricultural Łódź, Łódź - Industrial Łódź, Łódź - After 1918, Łódź - World War II, Łódź - After 1945, Łódź - Łódź today, Łódź - Łódź for tourists, Łódź - The Łódź Film School, Łódź - Historical population, Łódź - Famous people from Łódź, Łódź - Economy, Łódź - Education, Łódź - Politics, Łódź - Łódź constituency, Łódź - Mayors, Łódź - Sports

Read more here: » Łódź: Encyclopedia II - Łódź - Politics

Overcrowding in the ghetto was exacerbated by the deportation there of some forty thousand from the surrounding areas, as well as Germany, Luxembourg, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, particularly from Terezín. On 20 December 1941, Rumkowski announced that twenty thousand Jews would be deported from the ghetto, selected by the Judenrat from among criminals, people who refused to work, and people who took advantage of the refugees arriving in the ghetto. An Evacuation Committee was set ...

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Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Establishment of the Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Chaim Rumkowski and the Jewish Council, Łódź Ghetto - The First Deportation, Łódź Ghetto - The End of the Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Resistance in the Łódź Ghetto

Read more here: » Łódź Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Łódź Ghetto - The First Deportation

The ultimate fate of the Łódź Ghetto was debated among the highest ranking Nazis as early as 1943. Heinrich Himmler called for the final liquidation of the ghetto, with a handful of workers relocated to a concentration camp outside Lublin, while Armaments Minister Albert Speer advocated the ghetto's continued existence as a source of cheap labour, especially necessary now that the tide of the war was turning against Germany. In the summer of 1944, it was finally decided to commence with the gradual liquidation of the remaining popu ...

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Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Establishment of the Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Chaim Rumkowski and the Jewish Council, Łódź Ghetto - The First Deportation, Łódź Ghetto - The End of the Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Resistance in the Łódź Ghetto

Read more here: » Łódź Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Łódź Ghetto - The End of the Łódź Ghetto

Official Russian policy would eventually prove to be substantially harsher to the Jews than that under independent Polish rule. The lands that had once been Poland were to remain the home of many Jews, as, in 1772, Catherine II, the tzarina of Russia, instituted the Pale of Settlement, restricting Jews to the western parts of the empire, which would eventually include much of Poland, although it excluded some areas in which Jews had previously lived. By the late 1800s, over four million Jews would live in the Pale. Initially, R ...

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History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918

History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews. Jews also played a role in the fight for independence in 1918, some joining Józef Piłsudski, while many other communities decided to remain neutral in the fight for a Polish state. In the wake of World War I and the ensuing conflicts that engulfed Eastern Europe — the Russian Civil War, Polish-Ukrainian War, and Polish-Soviet War — many pogroms were launched against the Jews by all sides. As a substantial number of Jews were perceived to have supported the Bolsheviks in Russia ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39

The Holocaust - Resistance. Due to the careful organization and overwhelming military might of the Nazi German state and its supporters, few Jews and other Holocaust victims were able to resist the killings. There are, however, many cases of attempts at resistance in one form or another. The largest instance of organized Jewish resistance was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, from April to May of 1943, as the final deportation from the Ghetto to the death camps was about to commence. The ZOB and smaller organiza ...

See also:

The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers

The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945. Main article: Concentration camp. See also: Nazi concentration camp badges Starting in 1933, the Nazis set up concentration camps within Germany, many of which were established by local authorities, to hold political prisoners and "undesirables". These early concentration camps were eventually consolidated into centrally run camps, and by 1939, six large concentration camps had been established. After 1939, with the beginning of the Second Wor ...

See also:

The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust

The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel. The Holocaust and its aftermath left millions of refugees, including many Jews who had lost most or all of their family members and possessions, and often faced persistent anti-Semitism in their home countries. The original plan of the Allies was to repatriate these "Displaced Persons" to their country of origin, but many refused to return, or were unable to as their homes or communities had been destroyed. As a result, more than 250,000 languished ...

See also:

The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Aftermath

The United Partisan Organization was formed on January 21, 1942 in the Vilna Ghetto. It took on the motto: "We will not allow them to take us like beasts to the slaughter." This was one of the first resistance organizations that was established in the ghettos during World War II. Unlike in other ghettos, the resistance movement in the Vilna Ghetto was not run by ghetto officials. Jacob Gens, head of the ghetto, cooperated with German officials in stopping armed struggle. The UPO brought together socialist-Zionists, right-wing conservatives, ...

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Vilna Ghetto, Vilna Ghetto - General history, Vilna Ghetto - Resistance, Vilna Ghetto - Cultural life, Vilna Ghetto - Pictures of the Ghetto, Vilna Ghetto - Primary documents consulted

Read more here: » Vilna Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Vilna Ghetto - Resistance

The Vilna Ghetto was called "Yerushalayim of the Ghettos" because it was known for its intellectual and cultural spirit. Before the war, Vilna had been known as "Yerushalayim d'Lita" (Yiddish: Jerusalem of Lithuania) for the same reason. The center of cultural life in the ghetto was the Mefitze Haskole Library which was called the "House of Culture". It contained a library, reading hall, archive, statistical bureau, room for scientific work, museum, book kiosk, post office, and the sports ground. Groups were set up, such as the Literary and ...

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Vilna Ghetto, Vilna Ghetto - General history, Vilna Ghetto - Resistance, Vilna Ghetto - Cultural life, Vilna Ghetto - Pictures of the Ghetto, Vilna Ghetto - Primary documents consulted

Read more here: » Vilna Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Vilna Ghetto - Cultural life

History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland by hiding or by joining the Polish or Soviet partisan units. Another 50,000–170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union and 20,000–40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000–240,000 Jews in Poland settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, and Wrocław. Soon after the end of the Second World War, Jews began to flee Poland. Prompted by renewed anti- ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89

History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign. During the Polish September Campaign of 1939, some 120,000 Polish citizens of Jewish descent took part in battles with the Germans and the Soviets as members of the Polish Armed Forces. It is estimated that during the entirety of World War II as many as 32,216 Jewish soldiers and officers died and 61,000 were taken prisoner by the Germans; the majority did not survive. The soldiers and non-commissioned officers who were released ultimately f ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45

With the fall of Communism in Poland, Jewish cultural, social, and religious life has been undergoing a revival. Many historical issues, especially related to World War II and the 1944–89 period, suppressed by Communist censorship have been re-evaluated and publicly discussed (like the Massacre in Jedwabne, the Koniuchy Massacre, the Kielce pogrom, the Auschwitz cross, and Polish-Jewish wartime relations in general). According to the Coordination Forum of Countering Antisemitism there were eighteen anti-Semitic incidents in Poland i ...

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History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989

Main article: Names of the Holocaust The word holocaust originally derived from the Greek word holokauston, meaning "a completely (holos) burnt (kaustos) sacrificial offering" to a god. Since the late 19th century, 'holocaust' has primarily been used to refer to disasters or catastrophes. By the late 1970s, however, the conventional meaning of the word became the Nazi genocide. The term is also used by many in a narrower sense, to refer specifically ...

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The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term