Judenrat

The origin of the Leibzoll may be traced to the political position of the Jews in Germany, where they were considered crown property and, therefore, under the king's protection. In his capacity as Holy Roman emperor the king claimed the exclusive rights of the jurisdiction and taxation of the Jews, and was responsible for the protection of their lives and their property. He granted them protection either by a guard or by safe-conduct; chiefly by the latter, for the Jews, being extensive travelers, when they went on long business trips could ...

See also:

Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

Read more here: » Leibzoll: Encyclopedia II - Leibzoll - Rate of the toll

On March 29, 1983, the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has approved the resolution 101/62ГС to "Support the proposition of the Department of Propaganda of the Central Committee and the KGB USSR about the creation of the Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public..." (AZCSP, Russian language: Антисионистский комитет советской общественности, АКСО). Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - From the ...

Including:

• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - From the Soviet Leadership
• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Background and history
• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - List of members
• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Reference

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The Vilna Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto in Vilnius, Lithuania. Vilna Ghetto - General history. German troops entered the city of Vilnius, Lithuania on June 24, 1941. Over the course of the summer, troops killed more than 35,000 Jews living in Vilnius in a rapid extermination program. On September 6 and 7, 1941, the Nazis herded the remaining 38,000 Jews into the parameters of two ghettos. Converts, "half-Jews" and spouses of Jews were also forced into the ghetto. This occurred directly after "The Great Provoca ...

Including:

• Vilna Ghetto - General history
• Vilna Ghetto - Resistance
• Vilna Ghetto - Cultural life
• Vilna Ghetto - Pictures of the Ghetto
• Vilna Ghetto - Primary documents consulted

Read more here: » Vilna Ghetto: Encyclopedia - Vilna Ghetto

Łódź (pronunciation: ˈwudʑ̥), the second-largest city (population 776,297 in 2004) of Poland, lies in the centre of the country. It serves as the capital of the Łódź Voivodship. In Polish, the word also means 'boat'. Łódź - History. Łódź - Agricultural Łódź. Łódź first appears in the written record in a document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek in 1332. In ...

Including:

• Łódź - History
• Łódź - Agricultural Łódź
• Łódź - Industrial Łódź
• Łódź - After 1918
• Łódź - World War II
• Łódź - After 1945
• Łódź - Łódź today
• Łódź - Łódź for tourists
• Łódź - The Łódź Film School
• Łódź - Historical population
• Łódź - Famous people from Łódź
• Łódź - Economy
• Łódź - Education
• Łódź - Politics
• Łódź - Łódź constituency
• Łódź - Mayors
• Łódź - Sports

Read more here: » Łódź: Encyclopedia - Łódź

The Kolozsvár Ghetto was one of the lesser known Jewish ghettos of the World War II era. This was a harsh ghetto existing in Kolozsvár, Hungary (now known as Cluj-Napoca in Romania). The ghettoization of the Cluj Jews began on May 3, 1944, and was completed within a week. The Jews were concentrated in the Iris brickyard in the northern part of the city. Consisting mostly of shacks used for drying bricks and tiles, the ghetto had practically no facilities for the approximately eighteen thousand Jews who were assembled there fr ...

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The Holocaust is the name applied to the systematic state-sponsored persecution and genocide of various ethnic, religious and political groups during World War II by Nazi Germany and collaborators. Early elements of the Holocaust include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program, progressing to the later use of killing squads and extermination camps in a massive and centrally organized effort to murder every possi ...

Including:

• The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term
• The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust
• The Holocaust - Premeditation
• The Holocaust - Efficiency
• The Holocaust - Scale
• The Holocaust - Cruelty
• The Holocaust - Victims
• The Holocaust - Jews
• The Holocaust - Slavs
• The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies'
• The Holocaust - Gay men
• The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses
• The Holocaust - Disabled people
• The Holocaust - Others
• The Holocaust - Death toll
• The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims
• The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust
• The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945
• The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941
• The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941
• The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945
• The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943
• The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945
• The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945
• The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers
• The Holocaust - Resistance
• The Holocaust - Rescuers
• The Holocaust - Historical interpretations
• The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?
• The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?
• The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers
• The Holocaust - Aftermath
• The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel
• The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis
• The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide
• The Holocaust - Impact on culture
• The Holocaust - Holocaust theology
• The Holocaust - Art and literature
• The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day
• The Holocaust - Notes
• The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia - The Holocaust

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in General Government during the Holocaust in World War II. In the three years of its existence, starvation, disease and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps dropped the population of the ghetto from an estimated 450,000 to 37,000. The Warsaw Ghetto was the scene of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, one of the first mass uprisings against Nazi occupation in Europe. Warsaw Ghetto - Formation of the Ghetto. Pl ...

Including:

• Warsaw Ghetto - Formation of the Ghetto
• Warsaw Ghetto - Destruction of the Ghetto
• Warsaw Ghetto - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the destruction of the Ghetto
• Warsaw Ghetto - Social and cultural life in the ghetto
• Warsaw Ghetto - Commemoration
• Warsaw Ghetto - Famous Ghetto prisoners

Read more here: » Warsaw Ghetto: Encyclopedia - Warsaw Ghetto

The adoption of this policy was dictated by absolute necessity. Owing to the weakness of the federal power of the German empire Jews expelled from a place could easily settle in the vicinity, and on the strength of their passports do business in the place from which they had been expelled. So the Jews expelled from Nuremberg in 1499 settled in Fürth; those expelled from Nördlingen (1507) settled in Kleinerdlingen; those who could not gain entrance into the city of Lübeck settled in the village of Moisling—all places of settlement within ...

See also:

Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

Read more here: » Leibzoll: Encyclopedia II - Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll

Certain exemptions from Leibzoll were granted. Under the Austrian law of 1244, corpses were exempt. Albrecht III gave free safe-conduct to three Austrian Jews to bring "etrogim" from Triest free of duty in 1389 (Scherer, l.c. p. 535). The Jews living within the territory of the Elector of Mayence were exempted from Leibzoll when they were traveling to attend one of the regular landtags, or meetings of the district congregations (see Bamberger, "Histor. Berichte über die Juden der Stadt Aschaffenburg," p. 26, Strasburg, 1900). As a mark of s ...

See also:

Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

Read more here: » Leibzoll: Encyclopedia II - Leibzoll - Exemptions

The Łódź Ghetto was the second-largest ghetto (after the Warsaw Ghetto) established for Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. Situated in the town of Łódź and originally intended as a temporary gathering point for Jews, the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial center, providing much needed supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the German Army. Because of its remarkable productivity, the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944, when the remaining population was transported to Auschwitz. It was the last ghetto in Pola ...

Including:

• Łódź Ghetto - Establishment of the Ghetto
• Łódź Ghetto - Chaim Rumkowski and the Jewish Council
• Łódź Ghetto - The First Deportation
• Łódź Ghetto - The End of the Łódź Ghetto
• Łódź Ghetto - Resistance in the Łódź Ghetto

Read more here: » Łódź Ghetto: Encyclopedia - Łódź Ghetto

When German forces occupied Łódź in September 1939, the city had a population of 672,000 people, over one-third of them (233,000) Jews. Łódź was annexed directly to the Warthegau region of the Reich and renamed Litzmannstadt. As such, the city was to undergo a process of Aryanization: the Jewish population was to be expelled to the Generalgouvernement and the Polish population was to be r ...

See also:

Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Establishment of the Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Chaim Rumkowski and the Jewish Council, Łódź Ghetto - The First Deportation, Łódź Ghetto - The End of the Łódź Ghetto, Łódź Ghetto - Resistance in the Łódź Ghetto

Read more here: » Łódź Ghetto: Encyclopedia II - Łódź Ghetto - Establishment of the Ghetto

Marcel Reich-Ranicki Reich-Ranicki had lived in Berlin since 1929. He was deported to Poland in 1938 because of his Jewish descent. In November 1940 he found himself behind the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto. At the time of his stay in the ghetto he was working for the Judenrat as a chief translator. He also contributed to the collaborative newspaper Gazeta Zydowska (The Jewish Newspaper) as a music critic. In 1943 he managed to escape to the "Aryan side". From 1948 to 1949 Reich-Ranicki was a Polish consul genera ...

See also:

Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Marcel Reich-Ranicki - Life, Marcel Reich-Ranicki - Works

Read more here: » Marcel Reich-Ranicki: Encyclopedia II - Marcel Reich-Ranicki - Life

It is characterized by its dynamism, economic activity and care for its cultural heritage and natural environment. In recent years, Sosnowiec has been transformed from and industrial center with mainly mining and heavy industries into a trade and service processing hub. However, it still has several important coal mines, steel factories and other heavy industrial plants. Its Special Economic Zone (SEZ), which was established in Sosnowiec thanks to the efforts of local authorities, has played a major role in the establishment of new bu ...

See also:

Sosnowiec, Sosnowiec - History, Sosnowiec - Economy, Sosnowiec - Points of interest, Sosnowiec - Sports, Sosnowiec - Education and Science, Sosnowiec - Tourist attractions, Sosnowiec - Famous people, Sosnowiec - Musicans, Sosnowiec - Famous Music Groups

Read more here: » Sosnowiec: Encyclopedia II - Sosnowiec - Economy

Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Independence and Polish Jews. Jews also played a role in the fight for crisps for independence in 1918, some joining Józef Pilsudski, but many other communities decided to remain neutral in the fight for a Polish state. In the wake of the World War I and the ensuing series of conflicts that engulfed Eastern Europe like the Russian Civil War, Polish-Ukrainian War, Polish-Soviet War, many pogroms were launched against the Jews by all sides. As a sign ...

See also:

Jewish Polish history during the 1900s, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Interwar period 1918-1939, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Independence and Polish Jews, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Jewish and Polish culture, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Rising Anti-Semitism, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939-1945, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Polish September campaign, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Soviet-Occupied Poland, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Communist rule: 1945-1989, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Post-war, Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - From 1967-1989

Read more here: » Jewish Polish history during the 1900s: Encyclopedia II - Jewish Polish history during the 1900s - Interwar period 1918-1939

As with any historical event, scholars continue to argue over what exactly happened and why. The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?. In addition to the direct involvement of Nazi forces, most European countries allied with or occupied by the Axis Powers collaborated with the Nazis in the Holocaust. Collaboration took the form of either rounding up of the local Jews for deportation to the German ex ...

See also:

The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death Squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death Marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Day, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Resources

Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Historical interpretations

Due to his active role in the deportations and his iron rule, Rumkowski's behavior remains a topic of bitter debate. Some historians and writers see him as a traitor and as a Nazi collaborator. In all his activities, Rumkowski displayed great zeal and organizational ability, becoming increasingly dictatorial and ruling with an iron hand. Within the ghetto, Rumkowski overcame opposition with the aid of Nazi intervention and by introducing an even-handed system of food distribution. His attempts to satisfy perfectly all German demands a ...

See also:

Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski - Debate over Rumkowski's role in the Holocaust, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski - Give Me Your Children

Read more here: » Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski: Encyclopedia II - Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski - Debate over Rumkowski's role in the Holocaust

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ...

See also:

Glossary of the Third Reich, Glossary of the Third Reich - Glossary, Glossary of the Third Reich - A, Glossary of the Third Reich - B, Glossary of the Third Reich - C, Glossary of the Third Reich - D, Glossary of the Third Reich - E, Glossary of the Third Reich - F, Glossary of the Third Reich - G, Glossary of the Third Reich - H, Glossary of the Third Reich - I, Glossary of the Third Reich - J, Glossary of the Third Reich - K, Glossary of the Third Reich - L, Glossary of the Third Reich - M, Glossary of the Third Reich - N, Glossary of the Third Reich - O, Glossary of the Third Reich - P, Glossary of the Third Reich - Q, Glossary of the Third Reich - R, Glossary of the Third Reich - S, Glossary of the Third Reich - T, Glossary of the Third Reich - U, Glossary of the Third Reich - V, Glossary of the Third Reich - W, Glossary of the Third Reich - X, Glossary of the Third Reich - Y, Glossary of the Third Reich - Z, Glossary of the Third Reich - List of abbreviations and acronyms

Read more here: » Glossary of the Third Reich: Encyclopedia II - Glossary of the Third Reich - Glossary

History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385. Main article: History of Poland (966-1385) The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572

By 1983, the Soviet regime needed a new propaganda weapon in the Cold War, as well as against increasingly active internal dissident movement, to arrest or discredit the mass emigration of Soviet Jews and to alleviate the Arab concerns about its effects to Israel's demographics. By dramatic step-up of "anti-Zionist" activities, the AZSCP was designed to solve these problems. The ethnic Jews made its core. Using Jews to destroy Jewish culture and institutions was a proven tactics to avoid accusations of anti-Semitism. (See, for example ...

See also:

Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public, Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - From the Soviet Leadership, Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Background and history, Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - List of members, Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Reference

Read more here: » Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Background and history

History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572