José Carlos Mariátegui

Mariátegui was born in Moquegua. His father, Francisco Javier Mariátegui Requejo, was a grandson of Francisco Javier Mariátegui Tellería, one of the original signers of Peru's declaration of independence in 1821. Mariátegui Requejo abandoned his family when José Carlos was young; to support her children, his mother, María Amalia La Chira Ballejos, moved first to Lima, then to Huacho, where she had more relatives that helped her make a living. José Carlos had a brother and a sister: Guillermina and Julio César. In 1902, as a young sc ...

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José Carlos Mariátegui, José Carlos Mariátegui - Life and works, José Carlos Mariátegui - Influence, José Carlos Mariátegui - Quotes

Read more here: » José Carlos Mariátegui: Encyclopedia II - José Carlos Mariátegui - Life and works

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (born 3 December 1934), a former professor of philosophy, was the leader of the Maoist insurgency Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso in Spanish) which has been active in Peru from the late 1970s. Wanted on charges of terrorism, Guzmán was captured by the Peruvian government in 1992 and sentenced to life imprisonment, but a retrial began in September 2005. Abimael Guzmán - Early life. Guzmán was born in Mollendo, a port town in the province of Islay, in the Peruvia ...

Including:

• Abimael Guzmán - Early life
• Abimael Guzmán - Guerrilla campaign
• Abimael Guzmán - Capture
• Abimael Guzmán - Trial and imprisonment

Read more here: » Abimael Guzmán: Encyclopedia - Abimael Guzmán

When Peru's military government allowed elections for the first time in a dozen years in 1980, Shining Path was one of the few insurrectionary groups which declined to take part, instead launching a guerrilla war by attacking election booths in the highlands of the province of Ayacucho. On May 17, 1980, it burned ballot boxes in the town of Chuschi, Ayacucho, on the eve of the presidential elections. It was the first act of war by Shining Path. However, the perpetrators were quickly caught, and the incident receive ...

See also:

Shining Path, Shining Path - Origins, Shining Path - Guerrilla war, Shining Path - Decline of Shining Path, Shining Path - Capture of Guzman and collapse, Shining Path - Resurgence, Shining Path - Government response and abuses, Shining Path - Fiction

Read more here: » Shining Path: Encyclopedia II - Shining Path - Guerrilla war

History of Peru - Independence from Spain. Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish landowners and their forces, led by José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela. San Martin proclaimed Peruvian independence from Spain on July 28, 1821, with the words "... From this moment on, Peru is free and independent, for the general will of the towns and for the justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! ...

See also:

History of Peru, History of Peru - Ancient history, History of Peru - Viceroyalty of Peru, History of Peru - Republic of Peru, History of Peru - Independence from Spain, History of Peru - Territorial disputes, History of Peru - The 20th century, History of Peru - Democratic Restoration to the Present Day, History of Peru - External link

Read more here: » History of Peru: Encyclopedia II - History of Peru - Republic of Peru

The Constitutional Assembly itself drafted the new 1999 Venezuelan Constitution. With 350 articles, the document was, as drafted, one of the world's lengthiest constitutions. Constitution of Venezuela - Venezuela's official name: the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. It first changed the country's official name from “Venezuela” to the "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", in honour of Simón Bolívar. The change was made largely at Chávez's personal insistence and despite of the initial reluctance of th ...

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Constitution of Venezuela, Constitution of Venezuela - Origins, Constitution of Venezuela - Conceptualization, Constitution of Venezuela - Election of the Constitutional Assembly, Constitution of Venezuela - The judicial emergency committee, Constitution of Venezuela - Framing of the new 1999 Constitution, Constitution of Venezuela - Ratification by popular referendum, Constitution of Venezuela - Text and guiding doctrines, Constitution of Venezuela - Reforms introduced by the 1999 constitution, Constitution of Venezuela - Venezuela's official name: the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Constitution of Venezuela - Five branches in the Venezuelan government, Constitution of Venezuela - A strengthened and recallable presidency, Constitution of Venezuela - A unicameral and marginalized legislature, Constitution of Venezuela - The Public Defender, Constitution of Venezuela - Public examination for judicial candidates, Constitution of Venezuela - Health care as a human right, Constitution of Venezuela - Notes

Read more here: » Constitution of Venezuela: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of Venezuela - Reforms introduced by the 1999 constitution

In 1908 he succeeded José Pardo (a succession event that would occur again in 1919) after being elected president for the first time by an alliance of the Civil and Constitutional parties. Some of Leguía's first actions were to institute social and economic reforms in an attempt to industrialize Peru and turn it into a modern capitalist society. On May 29, 1909, a group of citizens (supporters of Piérola's Democratic Party) managed to force their entry into the Palacio de Gobierno demanding the resignation of Leguía. Among ...

See also:

Augusto B. Leguía, Augusto B. Leguía - Early Years, Augusto B. Leguía - First term, Augusto B. Leguía - Second term, Augusto B. Leguía - Overthrown

Read more here: » Augusto B. Leguía: Encyclopedia II - Augusto B. Leguía - First term

Guzmán was born in Mollendo, a port town in the province of Islay, in the Peruvian region of Arequipa, about 1000 km south of Lima. He was the illegitimate son of a well-off merchant, the winner of the national lottery who had six children by three different women. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, died when her son was only five years old. From 1939 to 1946 Guzmán lived with his mother's family. After 1947 he lived with his father and his father's wife in the city of Arequipa, where he studied at a private Catholic secondary scho ...

See also:

Abimael Guzmán, Abimael Guzmán - Early life, Abimael Guzmán - Guerrilla campaign, Abimael Guzmán - Capture, Abimael Guzmán - Trial and imprisonment

Read more here: » Abimael Guzmán: Encyclopedia II - Abimael Guzmán - Early life

After 11 years in power and the world depression affecting Peru by ending the flow of foreign capital investments, his government was finally overthrown by a coup in August 22, 1930, by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in Arequipa. Leguía was arrested and charged with misappropriating government funds. He remained in confinement in the Panóptico of Lima, and passed away at a naval hospital on February 6, 1932. Se ...

See also:

Augusto B. Leguía, Augusto B. Leguía - Early Years, Augusto B. Leguía - First term, Augusto B. Leguía - Second term, Augusto B. Leguía - Overthrown

Read more here: » Augusto B. Leguía: Encyclopedia II - Augusto B. Leguía - Overthrown

In 1919, he again sought the presidency of Peru by trying to succeed José Pardo. Fearing that the former president's government along with the Civilist Parliament would not recognise his victory, he launched a successful military coup, which led Leguía to succeed Pardo as an interim president. He then proceeded to dissolve Congress and the new parliament elected him constitutional president of Peru. Leguía changed the Peruvian constitution (which had the longest continuance since 1860), and promulgated a new one in 1920, which was ...

See also:

Augusto B. Leguía, Augusto B. Leguía - Early Years, Augusto B. Leguía - First term, Augusto B. Leguía - Second term, Augusto B. Leguía - Overthrown

Read more here: » Augusto B. Leguía: Encyclopedia II - Augusto B. Leguía - Second term

Leguía y Salcedo was born in Lambayeque in 1863 to one of the most distinguished families of the Peruvian oligarchy. Educated in Valparaíso, Chile, he served in the Peruvian army during the War of the Pacific (1879-1881). After the war he moved to the United States and became an insurance executive with the New York Life Insurance Company. By the 1900s, Leguía had become very wealthy and decided to return to Peru. He entered politics in 1903 at the urging of Manuel Candamo (the then leader of the Civilista Party) and also of José ...

See also:

Augusto B. Leguía, Augusto B. Leguía - Early Years, Augusto B. Leguía - First term, Augusto B. Leguía - Second term, Augusto B. Leguía - Overthrown

Read more here: » Augusto B. Leguía: Encyclopedia II - Augusto B. Leguía - Early Years

Constitution of Venezuela - Conceptualization. President Hugo Chávez was first elected under the provisions of the 1961 Constitution in the presidential election of 6 December 1998. Chavez had been contemplating a constitutional convention for Venezuela as an ideal means to rapidly bring about sweeping and radical social change to Venezuela beginning from the eve of h ...

See also:

Constitution of Venezuela, Constitution of Venezuela - Origins, Constitution of Venezuela - Conceptualization, Constitution of Venezuela - Election of the Constitutional Assembly, Constitution of Venezuela - The judicial emergency committee, Constitution of Venezuela - Framing of the new 1999 Constitution, Constitution of Venezuela - Ratification by popular referendum, Constitution of Venezuela - Text and guiding doctrines, Constitution of Venezuela - Reforms introduced by the 1999 constitution, Constitution of Venezuela - Venezuela's official name: the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Constitution of Venezuela - Five branches in the Venezuelan government, Constitution of Venezuela - A strengthened and recallable presidency, Constitution of Venezuela - A unicameral and marginalized legislature, Constitution of Venezuela - The Public Defender, Constitution of Venezuela - Public examination for judicial candidates, Constitution of Venezuela - Health care as a human right, Constitution of Venezuela - Notes

Read more here: » Constitution of Venezuela: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of Venezuela - Origins

While Shining Path militants were able to quickly seize control of large areas of Peru, the rebels soon faced serious problems. Many peasants were not happy with Shining Path rule. There were many reasons for peasant distrust of Shining Path, such as the lack of respect for indigenous culture and institutions shown by Shining Path, as well as the brutal form of justice meted out by Shining Path "popular trials" that someti ...

See also:

Shining Path, Shining Path - Origins, Shining Path - Guerrilla war, Shining Path - Decline of Shining Path, Shining Path - Capture of Guzman and collapse, Shining Path - Resurgence, Shining Path - Government response and abuses, Shining Path - Fiction

Read more here: » Shining Path: Encyclopedia II - Shining Path - Decline of Shining Path

In 1992, during the first administration of President Alberto Fujimori, the Peruvian National Directorate Against Terrorism (DINCOTE) began casing several residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses. One of those residences, in the middle-class neighborhood of Surco, had been operating as a ballet studio. The DINCOTE operatives routinely searched the garbage taken out from the house. The house was supposedly inhabited by only one person, the dance teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca, but it was soon no ...

See also:

Abimael Guzmán, Abimael Guzmán - Early life, Abimael Guzmán - Guerrilla campaign, Abimael Guzmán - Capture, Abimael Guzmán - Trial and imprisonment

Read more here: » Abimael Guzmán: Encyclopedia II - Abimael Guzmán - Capture

The Shining Path movement was at first largely circumscribed to academic circles in Peruvian universities. In the late 1970s, however, the movement developed into a guerrilla group centered around Ayacucho. In May of 1980, the group launched its war against the government of Perú by burning the ballot boxes in Chuschi, a village near Ayacucho, in an effort to disrupt the first democratic elections in the country since 1964. Shining Path eventually grew to control vast rural territories in central and southern Perú and achieved a presence e ...

See also:

Abimael Guzmán, Abimael Guzmán - Early life, Abimael Guzmán - Guerrilla campaign, Abimael Guzmán - Capture, Abimael Guzmán - Trial and imprisonment

Read more here: » Abimael Guzmán: Encyclopedia II - Abimael Guzmán - Guerrilla campaign

Archeological evidence shows signs of human culture in Peru from as early as c.11,000 BC. Flint tools and even ruins of ceremonial temples can be found throughout Peru dating from then, and there are signs of that weaving, fishing, and horticulture began to develop there of the next 9 millennia. The first culture with which we are more familiar was the Chavin culture, which emerged c. 900 BC. Though the Chavin apparently built the first monumental temples, they do not ...

See also:

History of Peru, History of Peru - Ancient history, History of Peru - Viceroyalty of Peru, History of Peru - Republic of Peru, History of Peru - Independence from Spain, History of Peru - Territorial disputes, History of Peru - The 20th century, History of Peru - Democratic Restoration to the Present Day, History of Peru - External link

Read more here: » History of Peru: Encyclopedia II - History of Peru - Ancient history

When the Spanish landed in 1531, Peru's territory was the nucleus of the highly developed Inca civilization. Centered at Cuzco, the Inca Empire extended over a vast region, stretching from northern Ecuador to central Chile. Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro arrived in the country searching for Inca wealth, finding that the Inca empire had recently been weakened by a debilitating civil war. Pizarro, however, succeeded in capturing and executing Inca Emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532. By March 23, 1534, Pizarro and the Spanish had refounded the I ...

See also:

History of Peru, History of Peru - Ancient history, History of Peru - Viceroyalty of Peru, History of Peru - Republic of Peru, History of Peru - Independence from Spain, History of Peru - Territorial disputes, History of Peru - The 20th century, History of Peru - Democratic Restoration to the Present Day, History of Peru - External link

Read more here: » History of Peru: Encyclopedia II - History of Peru - Viceroyalty of Peru

On September 12, 1992, such intelligence efforts paid off. On that day, Guzmán and several Shining Path leaders were captured by Peruvian special forces; shortly thereafter the rest of Shining Path's leadership fell as well. At the same time, the Shining Path suffered embarrassing military defeats to campesino self-defense organizations — supposedly its social base — and the organization fractured into splinter groups. Guerrilla activity diminished sharply thereafter, with pe ...

See also:

Shining Path, Shining Path - Origins, Shining Path - Guerrilla war, Shining Path - Decline of Shining Path, Shining Path - Capture of Guzman and collapse, Shining Path - Resurgence, Shining Path - Government response and abuses, Shining Path - Fiction

Read more here: » Shining Path: Encyclopedia II - Shining Path - Capture of Guzman and collapse

Shining Path was founded in the late 1960s by former university philosophy professor Abimael Guzmán (also known as Presidente Gonzalo), whose teachings created the foundation for its militant Maoist doctrine. It was an offshoot of the Communist Party of Peru — Bandera Roja ("red flag"), which in turn split from the original Peruvian Communist Party in 1964. Between 1973 and 1975, Shining Path gained control of the student councils in the Universities of Tacna and Huánuco, and developed a significant presence in the U ...

See also:

Shining Path, Shining Path - Origins, Shining Path - Guerrilla war, Shining Path - Decline of Shining Path, Shining Path - Capture of Guzman and collapse, Shining Path - Resurgence, Shining Path - Government response and abuses, Shining Path - Fiction

Read more here: » Shining Path: Encyclopedia II - Shining Path - Origins

The Proseguir faction has been blamed for an upsurge in guerrilla activity in the region during 2003. Government forces have had a number of successes in capturing its leading members. In April 2000, Commander José Arcela Chiroque, a.k.a. "Ormeno", was captured, followed by another leader, Florentino Cerrón Cardozo, a.k.a. "Marcelo" in July 2003. In November of the same year, Jaime Zuniga, also known as "Cirilo" or "Dalton," was arrested after a clash in which four guerrillas were killed and an officer wounded. Officials said he took part ...

See also:

Shining Path, Shining Path - Origins, Shining Path - Guerrilla war, Shining Path - Decline of Shining Path, Shining Path - Capture of Guzman and collapse, Shining Path - Resurgence, Shining Path - Government response and abuses, Shining Path - Fiction

Read more here: » Shining Path: Encyclopedia II - Shining Path - Resurgence