John of England

Regina was founded in 1882 when the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed a transcontinental railroad line through the region. The Dominion Lands Act encouraged homesteaders to come to the area where they could purchase 160 acres (647,000 m²) of land for $10. The city was originally known as the "Pile of Bones", because of the large amounts of buffalo bones in the area. The hamlet of Pile of Bones was renamed in 1882 as Regina (Latin for queen) by Princess Louise, the wife of Canada's Governor General, in honour of her mother Queen Vi ...

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Regina Saskatchewan, Regina Saskatchewan - Community profile, Regina Saskatchewan - Climate, Regina Saskatchewan - Demographics, Regina Saskatchewan - History, Regina Saskatchewan - Regina Riot, Regina Saskatchewan - Transportation, Regina Saskatchewan - Education, Regina Saskatchewan - Nearby communities, Regina Saskatchewan - Sports teams, Regina Saskatchewan - Wascana Centre, Regina Saskatchewan - Local Media, Regina Saskatchewan - Radio Stations, Regina Saskatchewan - Television Stations, Regina Saskatchewan - Cable Networks, Regina Saskatchewan - Newspapers, Regina Saskatchewan - Famous Reginans

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During the reign of the current monarch of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II, there was some controversy in Scotland over whether it was appropriate to refer to her as "the Second of that name" since no Elizabeth had previously reigned in Scotland. Most supporters of Scottish independence, and many other Scots, believed the title to be an example of establishment bias favouring England. But affirming the queen's intention to continue as "the Second" throughout the UK, a policy was announced^{See also:}

List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Background, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - List, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used multiple times, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used once in both England and Scotland, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used once in Scotland but not in England post-1066, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used once in England post-1066 but not in Scotland

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The British economy was exhausted by the war, and the Navy was drastically reduced over the next few years by the effects of the Ten-Years Rule, which directed the services to plan on the assumption that another war would not occur for at least ten years; this rule remained in effect until 1933. New activities such as naval aviation received little development during the 1920s. The neglect was partly justified by the arms limitation treaties of the time, notably the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Naval operations occurred in the 1919 War of Inter ...

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History of the Royal Navy, History of the Royal Navy - King's ships to 1500, History of the Royal Navy - The beginnings of an organised navy 1500–1642, History of the Royal Navy - The formation of a fighting force 1642–1689, History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815, History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895, History of the Royal Navy - Operations, History of the Royal Navy - Technology, History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919, History of the Royal Navy - Interwar and World War II 1919–1946, History of the Royal Navy - The Navy from 1946

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Henry VII of England deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy. Although there is no evidence for a conscious change of policy, Henry soon embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. Sometime between 1505 and 1509 the idea of firing through gunports in the sides of a ship was invented, and used in the Mary Rose. Henry VIII inherited a force of some 15 ships, and continued expansion apace in expectation of war with France; in 1512 Sir Edward Howard took over as Lord Admiral, and attack ...

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History of the Royal Navy, History of the Royal Navy - King's ships to 1500, History of the Royal Navy - The beginnings of an organised navy 1500–1642, History of the Royal Navy - The formation of a fighting force 1642–1689, History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815, History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895, History of the Royal Navy - Operations, History of the Royal Navy - Technology, History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919, History of the Royal Navy - Interwar and World War II 1919–1946, History of the Royal Navy - The Navy from 1946

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After 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a measure of at least nominal Home Rule, the Manx people have made remarkable progress, and at the present day form a prosperous community, with tax haven status and a thriving tourist industry. The early twentieth century saw a revival of music, dance, and the Manx language, but this proved only partially successful, as the last native speaker of Manx died in the 1970s. In the middle part of the twentieth century, the Taoiseach Eamon de Valera visited, and became so distressed at the lack of ...

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History of the Isle of Man, History of the Isle of Man - Brythonic Dominence, History of the Isle of Man - Scandinavian dominance, History of the Isle of Man - Scottish interludes, History of the Isle of Man - English dominance, History of the Isle of Man - Modern Period

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At the beginning of the English Civil War, the navy, then consisting of 35 vessels, sided with Parliament. The execution of Charles I forced the rapid expansion of the navy, by multiplying England's actual and potential enemies, and many vessels were constructed from the 1650s on. Operations of the time were dominated by the first three Anglo-Dutch Wars, which stretched from 1652 to 1674. Triggered by seemingly trivial incidents, but motivated by economic competition, they were notable as purely naval wars fought in the English Channe ...

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History of the Royal Navy, History of the Royal Navy - King's ships to 1500, History of the Royal Navy - The beginnings of an organised navy 1500–1642, History of the Royal Navy - The formation of a fighting force 1642–1689, History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815, History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895, History of the Royal Navy - Operations, History of the Royal Navy - Technology, History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919, History of the Royal Navy - Interwar and World War II 1919–1946, History of the Royal Navy - The Navy from 1946

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The Glorious Revolution of 1688 rearranged the political map of Europe, and led to a series of wars with France that lasted well over a century. This was the classic age of sail; while the ships themselves evolved in only minor ways, technique and tactics were honed to a high degree, and the battles of the Napoleonic Wars entailed feats that would have been impossible for the fleets of the 17th century. The landing of the Glorious Revolution itself was a gigantic effort involving 100 warships and 400 transports carrying 11,000 infantr ...

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History of the Royal Navy, History of the Royal Navy - King's ships to 1500, History of the Royal Navy - The beginnings of an organised navy 1500–1642, History of the Royal Navy - The formation of a fighting force 1642–1689, History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815, History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895, History of the Royal Navy - Operations, History of the Royal Navy - Technology, History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919, History of the Royal Navy - Interwar and World War II 1919–1946, History of the Royal Navy - The Navy from 1946

Read more here: » History of the Royal Navy: Encyclopedia II - History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815

The strategic situation changed rapidly in the mid-1890s; between a Russian-French alliance, an ambitious program of German naval construction, and both the United States and Japan expanding their spheres, Britain found herself isolated and insecure. Both naval construction and naval strategizing became intense, prompted by the development of torpedoes and submarines, which challenged traditional ideas about the power of battleships. At the same time the Dreadnought committed to the "big gun" concept and caused a shift in think ...

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History of the Royal Navy, History of the Royal Navy - King's ships to 1500, History of the Royal Navy - The beginnings of an organised navy 1500–1642, History of the Royal Navy - The formation of a fighting force 1642–1689, History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815, History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895, History of the Royal Navy - Operations, History of the Royal Navy - Technology, History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919, History of the Royal Navy - Interwar and World War II 1919–1946, History of the Royal Navy - The Navy from 1946

Read more here: » History of the Royal Navy: Encyclopedia II - History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919

The Napoleonic Wars left Great Britain the most powerful naval country in the world, with no meaningful rivals. The country's economic and strategic strength was buttressed by the fleet; localized military action was a staple of the not-entirely-peaceful "Pax Britannica". In addition, the threat of naval force was a significant factor in diplomacy. The navy was not idle however; the 19th century witnessed a series of transformations that turned the old wooden sailing navy i ...

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History of the Royal Navy, History of the Royal Navy - King's ships to 1500, History of the Royal Navy - The beginnings of an organised navy 1500–1642, History of the Royal Navy - The formation of a fighting force 1642–1689, History of the Royal Navy - Wars with France 1690–1815, History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895, History of the Royal Navy - Operations, History of the Royal Navy - Technology, History of the Royal Navy - Age of the battleship 1895–1919, History of the Royal Navy - Interwar and World War II 1919–1946, History of the Royal Navy - The Navy from 1946

Read more here: » History of the Royal Navy: Encyclopedia II - History of the Royal Navy - Developments during the Pax Britannica 1815–1895

Joan of England (July 22, 1210 – March 4, 1238), was the first legitimate daughter and third child of King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme. Joan married King Alexander II of Scotland on June 21, 1221, at York Minster. He was aged 23, she was 11. They would have no children. Joan died in Essex in 1238, and was buried at Tarant Crawford Abbey in Dorset. Sources Tewkesbury Annals W ...

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Joan of England, Joan of England - Queen Consort of Sicily, Joan of England - Joan Queen Consort of Scotland, Joan of England - Joan Lady of Wales died 1236, Joan of England - Joan of the Tower

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During his absence, John had come close to seizing the throne; Richard forgave him, and even named him as his heir in place of Arthur, who was growing into an unpleasant youth. Instead of turning against John, Richard came into conflict with his former ally and friend, King Philip. When Philip attacked Richard's fortress, Chateau-Gaillard, he boasted that "if its walls were iron, yet would I take it", to which Richard replie ...

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Richard I of England, Richard I of England - Early life, Richard I of England - Reign, Richard I of England - The struggle for Sicily, Richard I of England - Richard on the Third Crusade, Richard I of England - Captivity and return, Richard I of England - Later years and death, Richard I of England - Legacy, Richard I of England - Folklore, Richard I of England - Fictional portrayals

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Matthew Paris reports that the bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, once said to Simon's eldest son, "My beloved child, both you and your father will meet your deaths on one day, and by one kind of death, but it will be in the name of justice and truth." When Simon de Montfort faced the army of his nephew Prince Edward, and saw the skill with which it was organized, he declared, "By St. James' arm, they are approaching with wisdom, and they learned this method from me, not from themselves. Let ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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Thomas Wiliems (1545 or 1546 - 1622?) - referred to above in connection with the Gunpowder Plot. A full biography can be found here. Ieuan Glan Geirionydd, a hymn writer, was born in Trefriw in 1795. He had bad health - possibly a reason as to why his hymns are rather sad and deep. he died in 1855 and is buried in the cemetery. The oldest house in Trefriw is reputed to be Gwyndy Cottage, but there are two cottages on the village street which have plaques and dates going back to the 18th century. One of them is called "Tan yr Yw ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

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Simon de Montfort returned in 1263, at the invitation of the barons, who were now convinced of the king's hostility to all reform; and raised a rebellion with the avowed object of restoring the form of government which the Provisions had ordained. For a few weeks it seemed as though the royalists were at his mercy; but he made the mistake of accepting Henry's offer to abide by the arbitration of Louis IX of France. At Amiens, in January 1264, the French king decided that the Provisions were unlawful and invalid. Montfort, who had remained in ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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In January 1238 Montfort married Eleanor of England, daughter of King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme and sister of King Henry III of England. While this marriage took place with the king's approval, the act itself was performed secretly and without consultation of the great barons, as a marriage of such importance warranted. Eleanor had previously been married to William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and she had sworn a vow of chastity on his death, which she broke by marrying Montfort. The archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Rich, ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

Read more here: » Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester: Encyclopedia II - Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage

He was the youngest son of Simon de Montfort, a French nobleman, and Alix of Montmorency. His paternal grandmother was Amicia de Beaumont, the senior co-heiress to the Earldom of Leicester and a large estate in England, but King John of England would not allow a French subject to take ownership of such an estate in England. As a boy, Montfort accompanied his parents during his father's campaigns against the Cathars. He was with his mother at the siege of Toulouse in 1218, where his father was killed after being struck on the head by a ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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In his book "Hanes Trefriw" (1879), Morris Jones writes : (translated from the Welsh) "Regarding the village itself, its position is such that germs cannot live in it - every part of it is on a self-purifying slope - its pure and balmy air, and its beautiful aspect, it receives the healthiest greetings of the morning sun, so that it fully justifies its title - the healthiest place in Wales." ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

Read more here: » Trefriw: Encyclopedia II - Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales

Trefriw's links with fairies are noted in the name of the main waterfalls in the village - The Fairy Falls, which is also the name of one of the pubs (previously called The Geirionydd). In 1880 Wirt Sikes published his book "British Goblins - Welsh Folk-lore, Fairy Mythology, Legends and Traditions" (web link), from which comes the following passage : "In the course of the summer of 1882 I was a good deal in Wales, especially Carnarvonshire, and I made notes of a great many scraps of legends about the fairies, and other bi ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

Read more here: » Trefriw: Encyclopedia II - Trefriw - Fairies

The name 'Trefriw' is variously attributed to 'tref' + 'rhiw' (town + hill) or to 'tref' + 'briw' (a wound, i.e. a reference to the healing waters of the Spa). Given the nature of Welsh consonant mutation, both of these are feasible - Tref + riw (soft mutation of rhiw, as the second part of a compound word) or Tre' + friw (mutation of briw) The following explanation is given on this site : "Trefriw means the town of the slope or hillside, and stands for Tref y Riw, not tref y Rhiw, which would have yielded Treffriw, for there is ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

Read more here: » Trefriw: Encyclopedia II - Trefriw - Name Origins & Population

In 1879 Morris Jones wrote "Hanes Trefriw, fel y bu ac fel y mae, Disgrifiad Cryno o'r Aral a'r Trigolion" (A history of Trefriw, then and now, a short description of the area and its inhabitants) Published by W.J. Roberts, Heol Watling, Llanrwst. This book is in Welsh. In 1993 Gomer Press published published a short historical novel for children by Gweneth Lilly, titled "Treason at Trefriw". (see the reference above) On a less factual note, Trefriw was the birthplace of Brother Cadfael, the fictional detective in a seri ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

Read more here: » Trefriw: Encyclopedia II - Trefriw - In Literature

Floods have always been part of Trefriw's history (being located on the eage of the flood plain of Afon Conwy. On various occasions in the 20th century defences have been built and improved, including the partial diverting of the Afon Crafnant, which itself carries a lot of water from the Crafnant catchment area. Trefriw recently made national news when, in February 2004, following a period of prolonged rain in the mountain catchment areas of the river Conwy and its tributaries, the village was largely cut off by floods for 3 days, an ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

Read more here: » Trefriw: Encyclopedia II - Trefriw - Floods

Trefriw today is a tourist destination. By car it is only a 10 minute drive to Betws-y-coed, and within 30 minutes drivers can reach either the coast or the mountains. The village is set in a landscape of hills, forests and lakes. Today the village has two pubs and a hotel and there is other B&B accommodation locally. Many visitors come to walk in the area (see the "Trefriw Trails" link below) or to start here for longer walks into the Gwydir Forest, or the Carneddau mountains. The lakes of Geirionydd and Crafnant can be easily reached on foot, and "the (view along Llyn Crafnant) is one of the most breathtaking v ...

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Trefriw, Trefriw - History, Trefriw - Famous Inhabitants, Trefriw - The Healthiest Place in Wales, Trefriw - Fairies, Trefriw - A Tourist Destination, Trefriw - Floods, Trefriw - In Literature, Trefriw - Name Origins & Population, Trefriw - In the record books, Trefriw - Quotes, Trefriw - Further Information

Read more here: » Trefriw: Encyclopedia II - Trefriw - A Tourist Destination